认识磷结合剂与肾性骨病之间的关系

2018-05-23 龚德华 中国医学论坛报

慢性肾脏病相关矿物质骨代谢性疾病(CKD-MBD)越来越引起人们重视,因为它不仅导致CKD患者骨本身病变,还通过骨外异位钙化,特别是心血管钙化,极大增加患者死亡风险。在CKD-MBD的病理生理过程中,长期高磷血症是非常重要的危险因素,针对血磷的干预措施也是临床研究的热点及方向。

慢性肾脏病相关矿物质骨代谢性疾病(CKD-MBD)越来越引起人们重视,因为它不仅导致CKD患者骨本身病变,还通过骨外异位钙化,特别是心血管钙化,极大增加患者死亡风险。在CKD-MBD的病理生理过程中,长期高磷血症是非常重要的危险因素,针对血磷的干预措施也是临床研究的热点及方向。增加透析磷清除,饮食控制及口服磷结合剂降低磷吸收是控制血磷的三条主要措施。

不同磷结合剂的降磷效果及对临床预后的影响已有不少研究报道,这些报道更多关注点在于临床各项指标控制达标及终点事件发生率,而对于CKD-MBD中处于中心位置的骨病变,则关注较少,主要原因在于骨活检病理在临床开展极少,相关研究也不多。

1.CKD-MBD中骨病理改变

骨的主要成分为骨质,其中细胞占10%,无机基质占60%,有机基质占30%。无机基质主要成分为羟基磷灰石[Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2],而有机基质则以I型胶原纤维为主(占80%)。正常情况下,在骨质表面分布着成骨细胞及破骨细胞,对保持骨质的完整及功能起到非常重要的作用。破骨细胞来源于单核细胞/巨噬细胞家族,负责吞噬老化及受损骨质,而成骨细胞则在破坏的骨质表面合成及分泌有机基质,为类骨质,后者表面进一步沉积羟基磷灰石成为矿化骨,类骨质形成后,最后成为矿化骨通常需12天左右,被称为矿化滞后时间。当成骨细胞分泌形成的矿化骨质将自己完全包裹后,即退化为骨细胞。

在CKD患者中,这些细胞功能的紊乱则形成了不同类型的肾性骨病,基本形式为三种:① 高转化型骨病,由于继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进,在高甲状旁腺素(PTH)水平刺激下,破骨细胞及成骨细胞过度活化,表现为破骨及成骨过程都很活跃,临床表现为骨痛及骨的畸变;② 低转化型骨病,又分为两种亚型,骨软化症及无动力型骨病(ABD)。前者成骨及破骨细胞活性正常,但由于其他因素干扰导致成骨细胞分泌的类骨质无法矿化,骨质表面大量类骨质堆积,通常与铝中毒有关;后者则由于低PTH,成骨细胞及破骨细胞活性不足,数量显着减少,骨的正常代谢过程基本停止,病理上显示细胞少,基本无类骨质合成,更无矿化线;③ 混合型,即局灶节段性表现为高转化型或低转化型交织。其他病理类型还包括β2-微球蛋白相关淀粉样变性所致骨囊性病变。

近年来,随着人们对肾性骨病变认识加深,临床相应干预措施改进,包括避免含铝制剂的使用,提高水处理质量,避免透析铝暴露,使得骨软化症显着减少;又随之对继发性甲旁亢的预防及干预加强,高转化骨病也得到一定遏制;而另一主要类型,低转化型骨病则还远未引起临床重视。

2.低转化型骨病发生的可能原因

透析患者中,有相当部分患者存在低PTH血症(iPTH<150 umol/L),由于尿毒症本身存在对PTH的抵抗,因此这部分患者很可能存在骨动力不足及低转化型骨病的存在,此类患者以老年及糖尿病患者居多。此外,由于目前所检测的全段PTH(iPTH)并不能完全代表活性PTH,可能存在大量失去1-6氨基酸活性位点的PTH被检测到,而后者不仅无活性,反倒可能对抗活性PTH作用,因此iPTH检测正常甚或升高的患者中,也可能存在活性PTH不足所致低转化性骨病。在继发性甲旁亢治疗中,使用磷结合剂不当、使用活性维生素D,特别是甲状旁腺切除,都可能导致PTH过度抑制及低转化型骨病的发生。

3.磷结合剂对低转化型骨病的影响

含铝磷结合剂,在上世纪70年代被用作磷结合剂。铝制剂虽然有效,价格低廉,但长期服用,再加上如果透析液中铝含量超标,会造成铝在体内蓄积,导致透析相关性脑病、小细胞性贫血、低转运骨病(骨软化)和肌无力等。目前临床基本不使用含铝磷结合剂,除非在其他药物治疗效果不佳时短期使用,同时透析水处理质量提高,铝相关骨病的发生可能逐步减少。

含钙磷结合剂长期服用已被越来越多数据证实会增加高钙血症的发生率,增加冠脉、心瓣膜、软组织等的钙化,使患者的心血管死亡率增加。更为严重的是,特别是在和骨化三醇同时服用或者应用高钙透析液透析时,会过度抑制PTH,导致ABD的发生。发生ABD时,由于对外源钙的缓冲能力减弱,会增加软组织和血管钙化的几率。

因此目前非含钙磷结合剂,如司维拉姆和碳酸镧,在临床使用越来越广泛。前者是一种亲脂性、不含钙和金属、不被胃肠道吸收的多聚体,除了降低肠道磷的吸收外,可能还会影响脂类维生素和营养底物的吸收;后者则是通过稀有金属镧与磷酸盐的高度结合能力(>97%)来阻止磷吸收,其胃肠道吸收极少,耐受性良好,极少量进入体内后可经胆道系统排泄。

目前,比较磷结合剂对肾性骨病影响的研究及报道多以碳酸镧为主。早于2003年发表的一项多中心随机对照研究报道了使用磷结合剂基线及1年后骨活检病理资料,共63例患者完成试验。该研究结果显示:碳酸镧与碳酸钙血磷控制相当,而后者高钙血症率高出很多(6% vs.49%)。患者基线骨病理都以混合性骨病为主,而在随访1年后,碳酸镧组5例低转化型骨病患者(共7例,其中1例为骨软化)转为混合型,2例仍为无动力型,4例高转化型(共5例)转为混合型,3例混合型(共19例)转为正常,1例转为无动力型,其余未变;而碳酸钙组则原7例低转化型中3例仍为无动力型,6例原非低转化型(1例高转化型,5型混合型)转变为无动力型。总的来说,碳酸镧的使用降低了低转化型骨病的发生(使用前22.1%vs. 使用后9%),而碳酸钙则明显增加其发生(使用前23.3% vs.使用后30.0%)。

2011年日本报道,2例无动力型骨病患者使用碳酸镧治疗10个月后重复骨活检,病理指标明显改善。同年发表的一项小鼠动物实验显示,碳酸镧治疗明显改善慢性肾功能不全(CRF)相关骨病的一些指标,包括骨小梁容积,类骨质厚度,编织骨(未成熟骨)及纤维化组织容积。

2013年发表的一项动物实验研究则显示,碳酸镧治疗可通过激活成骨细胞显着促进骨形成及增加骨皮质容量,提示对低转化型骨病的治疗效果。同年发表的另一项动物实验则显示,碳酸镧治疗动物血管钙化更轻,并可能通过下调成骨性基因及改变钙化区域破骨细胞样基因RANKL/OPG比例而起作用。

4.小结

由于骨活检病理检查手段的欠缺及相关研究数据缺乏,目前临床对低转化型骨病的认识还很不够。有限的数据显示,不同磷结合剂对肾性骨病的影响并不完全相同,含钙磷结合剂可能增加无动力型骨病的发生,而碳酸镧则可能一定程度逆转无动力型骨病的进程。

专家简介:



龚德华,博士,教授,博士生导师,南京总医院 国家肾脏疾病临床医学研究中心 血液净化中心主任,主任医师

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    2018-06-07 724765917_36481625

    学习了

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    2018-05-24 foxv3羽翼

    好东西.谢谢分享

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1975933, encodeId=e40e19e593381, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=debce383063' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#磷结合剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73830, encryptionId=debce383063, topicName=磷结合剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6ab940, createdName=hukaixun, createdTime=Thu Jun 07 09:54:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322088, encodeId=a415322088f4, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/05/13/e51eda1902bf3197b7b2a48e1ba1e39c.jpg, createdBy=6a672335244, createdName=724765917_36481625, createdTime=Thu Jun 07 00:51:27 CST 2018, time=2018-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318060, encodeId=7a3d3180606b, content=好东西.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/AicRibibwhnWAW33YRia7y5sicGOoEzFQ4Jzmt3N9mtq1lZOXghRysQ33pzibKOXyQUuTpZSGsEeyicy1zX75nRB1yuaQ/132, createdBy=5e942360447, createdName=foxv3羽翼, createdTime=Thu May 24 07:08:33 CST 2018, time=2018-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318046, encodeId=699e31804632, content=学习了.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRk75KAEKrLGic0S0IvH1aNynsEFQWiaNKdtzvtwj2kafCoPg2icYVbrfBCFiaS74X1uEiaaTTY1H9Xyem/0, createdBy=cec11614828, createdName=chunjianf, createdTime=Thu May 24 06:44:19 CST 2018, time=2018-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=317983, encodeId=de2b31e98388, content=学习了很有用不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Thu May 24 00:22:21 CST 2018, time=2018-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=317943, encodeId=4c6331e943df, content=不错的文章值得拥有, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eff51996281, createdName=1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed May 23 23:04:28 CST 2018, time=2018-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-24 chunjianf

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1975933, encodeId=e40e19e593381, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=debce383063' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#磷结合剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73830, encryptionId=debce383063, topicName=磷结合剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6ab940, createdName=hukaixun, createdTime=Thu Jun 07 09:54:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=322088, encodeId=a415322088f4, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/05/13/e51eda1902bf3197b7b2a48e1ba1e39c.jpg, createdBy=6a672335244, createdName=724765917_36481625, createdTime=Thu Jun 07 00:51:27 CST 2018, time=2018-06-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318060, encodeId=7a3d3180606b, content=好东西.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/AicRibibwhnWAW33YRia7y5sicGOoEzFQ4Jzmt3N9mtq1lZOXghRysQ33pzibKOXyQUuTpZSGsEeyicy1zX75nRB1yuaQ/132, createdBy=5e942360447, createdName=foxv3羽翼, createdTime=Thu May 24 07:08:33 CST 2018, time=2018-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318046, encodeId=699e31804632, content=学习了.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRk75KAEKrLGic0S0IvH1aNynsEFQWiaNKdtzvtwj2kafCoPg2icYVbrfBCFiaS74X1uEiaaTTY1H9Xyem/0, createdBy=cec11614828, createdName=chunjianf, createdTime=Thu May 24 06:44:19 CST 2018, time=2018-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=317983, encodeId=de2b31e98388, content=学习了很有用不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Thu May 24 00:22:21 CST 2018, time=2018-05-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=317943, encodeId=4c6331e943df, content=不错的文章值得拥有, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=eff51996281, createdName=1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed May 23 23:04:28 CST 2018, time=2018-05-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-24 飛歌

    学习了很有用不错

    0

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    2018-05-23 1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称)

    不错的文章值得拥有

    0

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