硬膜外血管畸形孕妇行硬膜外分娩镇痛发生神经系统症状1例

2019-12-02 杨宝兵 李芙蓉 赵华 麻醉安全与质控

患者,女,32岁,身高162 cm,体质量68kg,体质量指数(BMI)25.91kg/m2,因“孕39周孕1产0,临产”入院。入院测体温(T)36.5℃,心率(HR)92次/min,呼吸频率(RR)19次/min,血压(BP)122/76mmHg,既往体健,无腰背肢体疼痛及感觉异常病史,行心电图、血、尿常规、肝肾功、电解质、凝血功能等检查均无异常,宫口开至3 cm时产妇及家属要求分娩镇痛。

1.患者资料
 
患者,女,32岁,身高162 cm,体质量68kg,体质量指数(BMI)25.91kg/m2,因“孕39周孕1产0,临产”入院。入院测体温(T)36.5℃,心率(HR)92次/min,呼吸频率(RR)19次/min,血压(BP)122/76mmHg,既往体健,无腰背肢体疼痛及感觉异常病史,行心电图、血、尿常规、肝肾功、电解质、凝血功能等检查均无异常,宫口开至3 cm时产妇及家属要求分娩镇痛。
 
镇痛前视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分6分,左侧卧位下经L2-3硬膜外腔穿刺置管均顺利,予1.5%利多卡因(含1∶20万肾上腺素)3mL试验量无全脊麻症状后接电子镇痛泵(配方:盐酸罗哌卡因100mg+枸橼酸舒芬太尼40μg+生理盐水至100mL),设置首次输注剂量10mL,持续背景输注速度6mL/h、患者自控镇痛(PCA)2mL/次、锁定时间15min。镇痛开始5min后VAS评分4分,镇痛开始30min后,患者下床活动,行走自如,无下肢麻木、无力症状;5.5h后自娩一健康女婴,分娩结束后拔除硬膜外导管,未见导管打折、扭曲等异常状况。
 
整个镇痛过程BP、HR、T等生命体征无明显变化,镇痛效果满意,镇痛泵药液用量43.2mL,患者自主未行PCA。分娩后3h患者诉双下肢麻木、无力,胸背部疼痛,查体见T6平面以下感觉减退,双下肢肌力2级,病理征未引出。给予吸氧、营养神经、脱水等治疗,2h后症状缓解,5h后症状消失。建议患者行椎管核磁共振成像(MRI)检查以明确诊断,患者拒绝。
 
分娩后第2天、第4天患者变动体位后双下肢麻木、疼痛症状发作,平卧后约1h均自行缓解。产后32d患者再次以“双下肢麻木、疼痛1月,进行性加重”入院,椎管MRI检查结果示:T2-3水平椎管内硬膜外有一大小约0.5 cm×2.3 cm肿物,T1呈等信号(图1),T2呈高信号(图2),肿物与硬脊膜广基底相连,脊髓受压,增强扫描肿物不均匀强化,提示肿瘤内出血,考虑:脊膜瘤。急诊全麻下取俯卧位,手术切除T2、T3棘突及椎板,切除局部黄韧带,显露椎管后见约3 cm×2 cm×2 cm凝固状血肿,剥除血肿后下方硬脊膜外畸形血管团,与硬脊膜及神经根粘连不明显,手术完整剥离切除肿瘤组织。术后病检显微镜下可见大量仅有单层内皮细胞和胶原纤维薄壁血管,缺乏肌层和弹力层。病理示:海绵状血管瘤(图3)。术后患者病情逐渐好转,双下肢麻木、无力、胸背部疼痛等症状逐渐减轻,术后16d出院,2月后回访上述症状再无发作。
 

图1 T2-3层面见一大小0.5 cm×2.3 cm梭形占位性病变,T1WI呈等信号
 

图2 T2WI高信号,其内见混杂信号影
 

图3 显微镜下可见大量仅有单层内皮细胞和胶原纤维的薄壁血管,缺乏肌层和弹力层(HE染色,×200)
 
2.讨论
 
脊髓海绵状血管瘤是隐匿性脊髓血管畸形之一,占脊髓血管性疾病的5%~12%,可发生在脊柱的任何节段,以胸腰段最为多见。根据生长部位可分为髓内型、硬脊膜内髓外型、硬脊膜外型、椎体型,其中以髓内型最多见,单纯硬脊膜外型少见,仅占所有硬膜外肿瘤的4%。其起源及机制与颅内海绵状血管瘤相同,为脊髓血管先天性、非血管瘤性发育异常。镜下显示为稀疏、薄壁、内膜呈线样的海绵状血管窦,血管的内壁无平滑肌及弹性纤维层,仅由单层上皮组成。影像学检查对于评估病变与周围解剖结构的关系具有重要价值,MRI尤可较好地显示椎管内不同类型的血管性病变,并能准确定位,同时,可以显示脊髓变性的程度和范围,有利于病变的诊治及判断预后。
 
椎管内硬脊膜外海绵状血管瘤以受累平面以下的肢体麻木、疼痛、无力等感觉运动障碍症状为主要临床表现。该病也会出现急性症状,与血管瘤内出血、血肿形成等情况有关。椎管内病变引起的截瘫与椎管内镇痛操作之间是否存在因果关系?江学成查阅近20多年椎管内麻醉后肢体瘫痪的文献,认为患者椎管内存在肿瘤等占位性病变时,椎管内穿刺与注药产生的容量和压力变化可能压迫肿瘤及脊髓,从而出现神经系统异常的症状与体征。
 
也有学者认为,由于脊髓硬膜外静脉丛缺乏静脉瓣不能抵抗压力,椎管内压力的变化诱发血管破裂出血,患者从而出现脊髓及神经根受压的急性症状。据此推测,本病例系由穿刺注药引起椎管内容积和压力发生变化,诱发血管瘤瘤体内出血,进而压迫脊髓,出现对应平面的神经受压症状,瘤体内出血停止,压迫减轻,神经症状消失;变动体位再次出血症状反复。手术中所见瘤体旁血肿可证实推测。
 
本例患者为妊娠足月孕妇,硬膜外镇痛前无任何椎管内占位性病史、症状及体征,硬膜外分娩镇痛结束3h后出现双下肢麻木、无力,胸背部疼痛,因患者出现肢体瘫痪症状早期拒绝影像学检查,虽经保守治疗症状缓解,但未能明确诊断,错过早期手术时机。椎管内分娩镇痛操作前必须详细了解患者病史,以及必要的神经系统检查,包括四肢运动、温痛觉、触觉等检查;完善的术后随访制度是及早发现异常状况的重要措施;对镇痛后神经阻滞作用延长者要高度警惕,必要时与患者及家属充分沟通进行影像学检查以明确诊断;一旦明确椎管内占位,应立即停止镇痛,密切观察,请相关科室会诊,早期行肿瘤切除术,可获得良好效果,以减少患者神经系统后遗症状。
 
原始出处:

杨宝兵,李芙蓉,赵华.硬膜外血管畸形孕妇行硬膜外分娩镇痛发生神经系统症状1例[J].麻醉安全与质控,2018(06):331-332.

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  4. 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  5. 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encodeId=a4e6136231508, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9857e03444b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#畸形#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=70344, encryptionId=9857e03444b, topicName=畸形)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=ca20190, createdName=wushaoling, createdTime=Wed Dec 04 04:47:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1603825, encodeId=d9f8160382543, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e2773155898' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#分娩镇痛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31558, encryptionId=e2773155898, topicName=分娩镇痛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=146919086692, createdName=zhangbaojun, createdTime=Wed Dec 04 04:47:00 CST 2019, time=2019-12-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-12-04 linlin2312
  6. 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  7. 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    2019-12-04 zhaojie88
  8. 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    2019-12-04 wushaoling
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