新发现!甲醛不只损伤DNA,还有蛋白质

2016-10-03 佚名 生物探索

对于新装修的房子,甲醛超标是人们非常担心的问题之一。那么,甲醛究竟是如何危害人体健康的呢?近日,发表在The American Journal of Pathology 杂志上的一项研究发现,甲醛产生的细胞损伤可能比之前认为的要更加广泛。该研究的通讯作者、布朗大学的Anatoly Zhitkovich教授说:“甲醛不仅会破坏DNA,还会对蛋白质形成损伤。一方面,破坏细胞核中的蛋白质能够削弱DNA损

对于新装修的房子,甲醛超标是人们非常担心的问题之一。那么,甲醛究竟是如何危害人体健康的呢?近日,发表在The American Journal of Pathology 杂志上的一项研究发现,甲醛产生的细胞损伤可能比之前认为的要更加广泛。

该研究的通讯作者、布朗大学的Anatoly Zhitkovich教授说:“甲醛不仅会破坏DNA,还会对蛋白质形成损伤。一方面,破坏细胞核中的蛋白质能够削弱DNA损伤修复的应激反应,另一方面,受损蛋白的积累可以直接导致细胞故障或死亡。”这项研究还证实之前一些动物研究中提出的问题,即是否甲醛会对神经系统也会产生不利影响。

这篇新论文中,Zhitkovich的研究小组发现,让3种人类肺细胞暴露在甲醛环境下引发了一系列的损伤和细胞反应。他们观察到了损伤蛋白广泛积累的迹象(indications)。具体来说,这种迹象是指细胞中出现了一组特定的保护程序。它们的作用是在损伤蛋白的积累能够杀死细胞之前清除它们。


损伤蛋白质,究竟是怎么回事?

当实验室在研究细胞如何响应甲醛带来的DNA损伤时,Zhitkovich第一次想到了甲醛可能会损伤蛋白质。他们的数据显示,一个关键的抗癌蛋白在这个响应中减少了很高的剂量。当增加与甲醛的接触时,该蛋白的存在本应该是按比例提高的。



Human lung fibroblast cells were left alone on the left, exposed to formaldehyde for 1 hour in the middle and 3 hours on the right. The greater amount of green shows greater amounts of protein damage.


因此,在这项新研究中,他们开始寻找甲醛导致蛋白损伤的迹象,并且清楚地看到了这类迹象。他们发现,在短暂的甲醛暴露(formaldehyde exposures)后,细胞表现出大量的聚泛素化(polyubiquitination)。这个过程是对损伤蛋白进行标记,以便处理它们,防止积累。聚泛素化过程开始后不久,科学家们又观察到了热休克反应。一组新的蛋白加入到了大规模的清理工作中。尽管细胞激活了防御反应,但最终许多细胞依然没有摆脱死亡的命运。

在一个实验中,研究人员故意让热休克反应中的一个关键蛋白失活,结果发现,细胞更容易死亡。与此同时,与甲醛没有任何接触的对照组细胞中既没有出现聚泛素化反应,也没有出现热休克反应。

此外,科学家们还让细胞暴露于已知的、只损伤DNA但不损伤蛋白质的物质。结果发现,这种处理并没有激发聚泛素化反或热休克反应,表明这两种反应不是细胞应对甲醛带来的DNA损伤产生的响应。

解释:为什么甲醛具有神经毒性?

Zhitkovich说,这一发现或许可以解释为什么甲醛会对神经系统产生毒性。神经元不能分裂或复制DNA,所以他们不容易受到“DNA损伤”类的影响。但损伤和错误折叠蛋白质的积累特别容易对神经元产生伤害。这正是这项新研究中发现的甲醛对细胞的另一种“伤害”。

Zhitkovich指出,动物研究表明,甲醛暴露会逐渐损毁大脑的功能,如记忆和学习。为了测试这一假说,他的研究小组已经开始测试甲醛暴露对人类神经元的影响。此外,他们也在调查,甲醛是只损伤特定类型的蛋白,还是对整体有毒性。


参考资料

Medicalxpress:Formaldehyde damages proteins, not just DNA

The American Journal of Pathology :Formaldehyde Is a Potent Proteotoxic Stressor Causing Rapid Heat Shock Factor Protein 1 Activation and Lys48-Linked Polyubiquitination of Proteins

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    2016-10-05 童小孩

    甲醛不只损伤DNA,还有蛋白质

    0

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