Ann Palliat Med:隆鼻手术中如何减少神经损伤?白种人和黄种人还不一样?

2022-06-30 医路坦克 MedSci原创

隆鼻术后鼻尖麻木是一个较多的术后不良反应,这种术后综合症会降低患者对手术的满意度。本研究旨在填补白种人对该神经解剖学研究的空白,并提供与亚洲人的比较结果。

鼻子在决定整个面部美学方面起着核心作用。为了追求面部美感,有些人选择通过隆鼻手术来满足他们的要求。鼻尖麻木是外鼻神经损伤的主要术后并发症。Thompson 的研究表明,一半以上的患者在隆鼻术后出现鼻尖麻木,尤其是鼻尖缩小的患者。这种症状主要是由外鼻神经损伤引起的,外鼻神经向鼻背和鼻尖的远端以及鼻甲的皮肤提供感觉。此外,在神经恢复过程中也会出现神经痛和感觉亢进,这是由于神经被切断后形成的残端神经瘤引起的。这些术后并发症会大大降低患者对手术的满意度,即使手术本身是以高标准完成的。

目前,外鼻神经损伤的治疗是以对症治疗为主,辅以病因学治疗。在大多数情况下,感觉的恢复取决于被切断的神经或邻近神经的侧枝萌发的重新生长。但是,对于神经被切断时,没有有效的治疗方法。对症治疗主要用于缓解症状,如Charlin综合征。治疗包括用局部麻醉剂和类固醇进行鼻睫状神经节阻断。此外,最终的永久性疗法是化学消融或手术横断鼻睫神经或前额乙状结肠神经。目前对术后并发症还没有理想的治疗方法。另外,如果手术区有瘢痕增生、盲视下、毛细血管出血模糊的手术区等,增加了手术的难度,在临床工作中损伤外鼻神经的可能性就会非常大。所以有必要对这根神经有更多的了解,以避免神经损伤。然而,到目前为止,关于这条神经的解剖学记录很少,而且都是来自亚洲人。

本研究的目的是描述白种人的外鼻神经的走向,并与以前发表的亚洲人的数据进行比较。它还利用测量数据,提出了在手术中避免神经损伤的具体方法。

材料和方法采用 Thiel 方法对总共 20 具白种人尸体进行防腐处理。解剖时,完全暴露外鼻神经后,测量外鼻神经出口点与鼻中线之间的距离,并将神经的形态与亚洲人的数据进行比较。根据神经的分支模式将其分为不同类型。

结果神经平面与亚洲的记录相同。距离从 5.08 到 11.94 毫米不等(平均为8.31±1.85毫米)。这个距离与亚洲人相比有统计学上的显著差异(P:0.01)。平均距离较大,出口点的分布范围也较广。在分类上,40 例中有35 例的类型结果与以前报道的相同,主要类型为I、II 和 III。发现了 5 个新品种,它们被归类为主要类型的亚型和一个新的IV型。此外,三分之二的II型病例的分叉位置和变化与亚洲人群中的分叉位置相近。

图 1   5种不确定类型的神经分支。不确定类型1-3与不确定类型相比有不同的分岔模式

Han等人定义的不确定类型4-5具有相同的分岔模式

骨软骨连接处出口到鼻中线的距离和各神经分支类型的分类。

外鼻神经的种类数及其占本研究样本量的百分比及亚洲地区的比较价值

本研究的测量数据与韩国和中国的数据进行了比较

结论白种人和亚洲人的外鼻神经的解剖结构有明显的差异。高加索人的这根神经在隆鼻手术中比亚洲人更容易受到损伤。除了主要类型,外鼻神经的分类还包括亚型和IV型。

文献来源:Wu C,  Yang S,  Zheng G,A systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and complication rates of augmentation rhinoplasty with autologous cartilage and silicone prosthesis.Ann Palliat Med 2022 Mar;11(3)

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    2022-06-30 屋顶瞄爱赏月

    学习了

    0

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    2022-06-26 膀胱癌
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