Nature:揭示大脑信息储存新机制,有望为记忆衰退提供新疗法

2017-09-20 佚名 生物探索

为什么有些事情我们铭刻在心,而有些则转瞬即忘?法国波尔多大学和CNRS最近发现了一种在神经突触中储存信息的新机制,以及控制存储过程的一种手段。这一突破使科研更接近揭开记忆和学习过程分子机制的奥秘。相关文章于9月13日在Nature上在线发表。

为什么有些事情我们铭刻在心,而有些则转瞬即忘?控制记忆的机制是什么?科学家做了很多努力来了解什么是控制记忆的分子机制。

法国波尔多大学和CNRS最近发现了一种在神经突触中储存信息的新机制,以及控制存储过程的一种手段。这一突破使科研更接近揭开记忆和学习过程分子机制的奥秘。相关文章于9月13日在Nature上在线发表。

AMPAR数量变化的调节机制对了解记忆至关重要

记忆形成与消退,在细胞机制层面很可能与突触传递效率变化有关。在中枢系统中,突触的传递效能不是不变的,会随着突触活动模式的改变而改变,称之为“突触可塑性”。突触可塑性即突触改变的能力,也就是突触数量的增加或减少和突触生理功能的改变。

突出可塑性的主要表现形式——长时程增强(LTP)和长时程抑制(LTD)现象已被公认为是学习记忆活动的细胞水平生物学基础。长时程增强被认为主要是通过胞外分泌插入额外的离子型谷氨酸受体(AMPA-subtype ionotropic glutamate receptor, AMPAR)到细胞质膜表面,增强突触强度;而长时程抑制主要是通过对质膜表面的AMPAR进行内吞,从而减弱突触传递。

因此了解突触上AMPAR数量变化的调节机制,对于解析学习与记忆的细胞生物学机制是最关键的。但是在早期LTP(小于1?小时)中通过突触迅速招募新的AMPAR的确切机制仍然未知,AMPAR的表面扩散作为突触可塑性的一种机制也仍缺乏直接证据。

固定AMPAR的运动证实了记忆的关键机制

Nature上发表的这项新的研究使研究小组进一步了解了信息在大脑中储存的基本机制。科学家们基于化学技术、电生理学和高分辨率成像等技术的组合,开发了使AMPAR在突触部位静止的新方法。该方法成功地阻止了AMPAR的运动,使得科学家们可以研究这种固定化对大脑活动和学习能力的影响。它提供的证据表明,作为对强烈神经元活动的反应,受体运动对突触可塑性是至关重要的。研究结果提供了一个直接的证据,表明表面扩散对突触新受体的募集是LTP和海马学习的一个关键机制。


大鼠海马培养神经元神经递质受体通路与其表面的单分子检测。CNRS照片库

研究人员还探讨了突触可塑性在学习中的直接作用。通过教小鼠识别一个特定的环境,实验表明,停止受体运动可以用来阻止这种类型记忆的获得,证实了突触可塑性在这个过程中的作用。

这个发现为控制记忆提供了新的角度。在此测试的记忆存储协议激活了一个特定的大脑区域:海马。研究人员的下一步是确定所发现的机制是否也可以应用于其他形式的学习,并延伸到大脑的其他区域。从技术的角度来看,将有可能开发新的、可逆的和光敏的固定受体的方法,以便更好地控制该过程。

原始出处:

A. C. Penn, C. L. Zhang, F. Georges, et.al. Hippocampal LTP and contextual learning require surface diffusion of AMPA receptors. Nature (2017)

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    2018-02-04 liye789132251
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    2017-09-22 kcb074
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    2017-09-20 传说中的大哥

    每天都学习.保持记忆力.

    0

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    2017-09-20 天涯183

    非常好的文章.学习了

    0

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