胡夕春教授:PARP抑制剂推进肿瘤精准诊疗

2019-12-18 佚名 肿瘤资讯

1963年,研究者首次对PARP酶的活性进行了描述,随后在1964年,Pierre Chambon教授及其团队正式发现了PARP酶。之后20年中,科学家们不断探索PARP酶的生物学功能,发现PARP参与DNA修复,若抑制其活性,则会影响DNA修复。数十年间,多位科学家致力于相关研究,终于在2005年,《自然》(Nature)杂志发文报道BRCA突变肿瘤对PARP抑制剂敏感,自此打开PARP抑制剂精

1963年,研究者首次对PARP酶的活性进行了描述,随后在1964年,Pierre Chambon教授及其团队正式发现了PARP酶。之后20年中,科学家们不断探索PARP酶的生物学功能,发现PARP参与DNA修复,若抑制其活性,则会影响DNA修复。数十年间,多位科学家致力于相关研究,终于在2005年,《自然》(Nature)杂志发文报道BRCA突变肿瘤对PARP抑制剂敏感,自此打开PARP抑制剂精准治疗之门。

合成致死——PARP抑制剂实现对肿瘤的精准打击

肿瘤的精准治疗一直在前进,几年前肿瘤的治疗还处于既不精又不准的状态,但最近几年有很大进步,其中一个重要的例子就是BRCA1/BRCA2基因突变相关肿瘤。BRCA1/BRCA2基因相当于抑癌基因,突变后机体容易形成肿瘤,很多肿瘤的发病率明显上升,其中较为突出的主要包括乳腺癌卵巢癌,前列腺癌以及胰腺癌等。BRCA1/BRCA2基因虽然发现比较早,但是一直没有针对其改变的药物。

BRCA1/BRCA2基因的功能主要是参与双链DNA的损伤修复,DNA有两条链,一条链来自父亲,一条链来自母亲,在周围环境,包括物理、化学等因素作用下DNA发生损伤,损伤后如果不能得到修复,细胞可能就要进入死亡或凋亡程序。除了BRCA1/BRCA2基因负责DNA双链修复外,参与DNA损伤修复的另一重要途径就是PARP酶对DNA单链损伤的修复。如果在已有BRCA1/BRCA2基因突变、失去DNA双链损伤修复功能的情况下,通过PARP抑制剂抑制PARP酶功能,将会进一步阻碍肿瘤细胞DNA修复的可能,加速肿瘤细胞的死亡,起到合成致死效应,这就是BRCA1/BRCA2基因突变肿瘤采用PARP抑制剂治疗的机制。

异病同治——PARP抑制剂在多瘤种实现精准治疗

PARP抑制剂通过合成致死效应治疗肿瘤,所以BRCA1/BRCA2基因突变相关肿瘤都可以采用PARP抑制剂治疗,但是具体到每个瘤种又不完全一致。乳腺癌的临床研究数据提示,gBRCA突变肿瘤采用PARP抑制剂治疗疗效最好,卵巢癌则比较特别,PARP抑制剂对gBRCA肿瘤、sBRCA肿瘤以及铂敏感肿瘤都有疗效。从乳腺癌的数据看,既往对这类肿瘤并没有针对性的治疗,主要还是以化疗为主,那么PARP抑制剂相比化疗,有效率能够提高一倍,达到60%左右,PFS延长一倍。在PARP抑制剂奥拉帕利的Ⅲ期临床研究中,一线治疗复发转移乳腺癌患者,还能获得OS的获益。

聚焦精准——BRCA基因检测助力肿瘤实现精准治疗

有关BRCA1/BRCA2基因突变的检测,可以说既有早期检测的目的,又有晚期检测的目的,各不相同。首先,早期BRCA基因检测的目的主要与预防相关,因为 gBRCA1/BRCA2突变者一生当中乳腺癌和卵巢癌发生的机会高达60%~70%,所以对于有家族遗传性乳腺癌病史者,应在小于35岁时就应进行早期检测,一旦发现携带gBRCA1/BRCA2突变,其后终生都要密切随访或是采取预防性治疗措施。其次,对于已经发生BRCA1/BRCA2突变相关肿瘤的早期患者,治疗目标是要预防肿瘤复发转移,尽管目前还没有循证医学证据证明奥拉帕利在辅助治疗中的价值,但是相关研究正在进行中。最后,对于晚期肿瘤患者,国际上治疗的趋势是,如果患者有可能携带BRCA1/BRCA2基因突变,应该尽早检测,一旦证实就应该采用PARP抑制剂治疗,因为它的疗效已经超过了化疗,安全性方面也明显优于化疗。总之,不同情况下BRCA检测的目的并不一致,对临床诊疗具有指导作用。

总结

研究已经证实BRCA突变的细胞较野生型细胞对PARP酶更敏感,PARP抑制剂也能够对BRCA1/2缺陷的肿瘤患者产生抗肿瘤作用。目前已经在卵巢癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、胰腺癌等领域证实PARP抑制剂的临床疗效与安全性,而伴随BRCA1/2突变的瘤种并不仅仅是上述瘤种,更多领域的探索仍在继续。BRCA检测对于有家族遗传史的人群可以提前获知患癌风险,而对于肿瘤患者更能帮助其精准鉴别是否能够从PARP抑制剂的应用中获益。精准治疗时代,对适宜的人群进行BRCA检测,尽早识别对PARP抑制剂敏感人群,能够改善患者生存和预后,而随着探索的进行,肿瘤的治疗模式必将更为精准,探索更为深入。

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    2020-07-30 jklm09
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    2020-01-01 wxl882001

    了解一下

    0

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    2019-12-20 lishiwen

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