BMJ Global Health:中国推行“病毒清零”会被全球“孤立”?BMJ子刊揭示根除COVID-19是否可行

2021-08-15 生物探索 生物探索

中国“病毒清零”的防疫策略或将使其未来几年面临被孤立的危险。

8月7日,原卫生部部长高强在“人民日报健康客户端”撰文,提出必须坚持严格防控,打消“与新冠病毒(SARS-CoV-2)共存”的想法。三天后,彭博社发文称,在世界上大多数国家开始尝试与SARS-CoV-2共存的背景下,中国“病毒清零”的防疫策略或将使其未来几年面临被孤立的危险。

事实上,在面对SARS-CoV-2的心态方面,大多数国家似乎比较悲观,认为随着病毒不断变异,成功阻断病毒传播几乎不可能;而中国显然在这场抗疫中拥有更为坚定的战疫信念。争议的焦点在于,是否能够真正消灭SARS-CoV-2,终止新冠肺炎(COVID-19)疫情?

近日,新西兰奥塔哥大学的研究人员在《BMJ》子刊《BMJ Global Health》上刊登了一篇题为We should not dismiss the possibility of eradicating COVID-19: comparisons with smallpox and polio的评论文章。

通过系统对比COVID-19与天花、脊髓灰质炎等传染病的可根除性,研究人员提出,人类终止COVID-19大流行是可能的,“胜算”略高于脊髓灰质炎,低于天花。

根据《世界卫生组织简报》,公共卫生干预措施的层次结构依次为控制、消除疾病、消除感染、根除和灭绝,具体定义为:

● 控制:通过努力将疾病的发生率、流行率、发病率或死亡率降低到当地可接受的水平,并需持续采取干预措施以维持疾病可控,如腹泻病;

● 消除疾病:相关部门下苦功将特定地区内特定疾病的发生率降至零,并需要继续采取干预措施维持现状,如新生儿破伤风;

● 消除感染:经过一番苦功将特定地区内由特定病原体引起的感染发生率降至零,并需持续采取措施预防感染,例如:麻疹、脊髓灰质炎;

● 根除:经过努力将由特定病原体引起的全球感染发生率永久降至零,并无需继续采取预防措施,如天花。

● 灭绝:特定的传染源不再存在于自然界或实验室中。

从当前COVID-19的全球流行状况来看,部分地区已达到控制疾病的初级阶段。为了探索全球是否能够根除COVID-19,研究人员参考了1999 年《Annual Review of Public Health》发布的一篇文章中提到的根除疫苗可预防疾病的既定因素,从社会因素、政治因素以及技术因素这三个维度列举了17个变量,一一打分从而对根除COVID-19、天花以及脊髓灰质炎这三类传染病的可能性进行评分。

结果显示,天花的可根除性平均得分最高,为2.6分;其次是 COVID-19,得分为1.6分;最后是脊髓灰质炎,为 1.5分。

从各个变量的得分结果来看,影响全球根除COVID-19的技术因素包括疫苗接受度低、具有更强传染性及免疫逃逸能力的突变株。当然,尽管变异株层出不穷,但研究人员认为,病毒进化到一定程度后将迎来变异的终点 ,人们便可以更有针对性地开发疫苗。另外,疫苗接种和升级卫生系统的高昂成本,以及突破重重阻碍的国际合作,病毒在非人类动物宿主中持续存在的风险等也是影响全球根除COVID-19的重要因素。

总之,这篇文章揭示了根除COVID-19的可行性以及一些潜在的影响因素,文章的最后指出,仍需要世界卫生组织或其他结构进行进一步的评估,从而更系统地揭示根除COVID-19的可行性及可取性。

尽管从科学角度而言,人类最终能否彻底消灭COVID-19仍然是个未知数,但是在疫情防控方面,即使病毒将长期和人类并存,防疫措施仍然不能松懈,因为正如原卫生部部长高强所言,“就算死亡率0.1%,扩散到1000万人,要死1万人;扩散到1亿人,要死10万人;扩散到10亿人,要死100万人。”

原始出处:

Nick Wilson, et al. We should not dismiss the possibility of eradicating COVID-19: comparisons with smallpox and polio. BMJ Global Health, 2021.

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    2021-11-27 shizhenshan
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    2022-05-17 gaoxiaoe
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    2021-12-29 风铃830
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    2021-08-15 医者仁者

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