Nature :氨基酸代谢改变对肿瘤抑制作用的调控机制

2020-08-15 Katherina BioArt

丝氨酸(Serine), 甘氨酸(Glycine) 以及其他的一些非必需氨基酸都与肿瘤的发生发展有着紧密的联系,因此抑制这些非必需氨基酸的活性和利用度可作为癌症治疗的潜在手段。

丝氨酸(Serine), 甘氨酸(Glycine) 以及其他的一些非必需氨基酸都与肿瘤的发生发展有着紧密的联系,因此抑制这些非必需氨基酸的活性和利用度可作为癌症治疗的潜在手段。然而,其中的分子生物学机制和对脂质代谢可能造成的影响尚未可知。

近日,美国加州大学圣地亚哥分校Christian M. Metallo教授团队在Nature发表题为Serine restriction alters sphingolipid diversity to constrain tumour growth的研究文章。他们通过体外对非贴壁肿瘤细胞氨基酸代谢过程和鞘酯类的生物合成的研究以及体内对HCT116异种移植小鼠进行膳食氨基酸干预,揭开了丝氨酸缺乏抑制肿瘤是由于丝氨酸棕榈酰转移酶(SPT)的混杂性和脱氧鞘脂(deoxysphingolipids)的异常产生导致的。

非贴壁性的细胞生长是侵袭性肿瘤的一个典型特征,可以帮助其通过重新调整代谢过程来影响肿瘤细胞的生长和存活。通过UK5099作为抑制剂来抑制线粒体丙酮酸载体(MPC)可以显着降低非贴壁细胞中丙氨酸的含量。他们使用[U-13C6]葡萄糖进行代谢示踪研究发现,用UK5099处理HCT116细胞(结肠癌细胞系)的球状体可以增加丝氨酸的合成并抑制葡萄糖氧化过程,显着增加细胞内丝氨酸/丙氨酸的比例。由此,他们假设抑制MPC可促进HCT116细胞中[2,3-13C2]丙氨酸的氧化并定量富集柠檬酸盐,并且观察到在UK5099处理后丙氨酸向三羧酸(TCA)代谢的通量显着增加。肿瘤细胞通过在线粒体中合成,转运和分解丙氨酸有效地绕过MPC,从而避免了丙氨酸的富集,增强其在非贴壁环境下的生长力 (图1)。因此他们认定,丙氨酸水平的降低是抑制MPC增强肿瘤细胞非贴壁性生长的潜在机制。由于丙氨酸、丝氨酸、甘氨酸这些非必需氨基酸在细胞质和线粒体中存在高度可交换性,研究人员通过人为控制球形培养物中丝氨酸和甘氨酸的利用度并对生物量进行定量分析,从而将丙氨酸与其他非必需氨基酸进行比较。值得注意的是,类似或更加甚于补充丙氨酸的程度,去除丝氨酸在一定程度上减缓了肿瘤球体(spheroid)的生长,而在没有丝氨酸或甲酸盐的情况下,甘氨酸水平也受到了抑制。

接下来,通过改变丝氨酸浓度测量了几种酶的Km值之后发现,丝氨酸棕榈酰转移酶SPT对丝氨酸的亲和力显着受到丝氨酸含量的影响。SPT具有酶混杂性,可以不作用于丝氨酸,而是利用丙氨酸为底物产生有毒的脱氧鞘糖脂,并且抑制HCT116球体(非贴壁状态)的生长。而通过移除丝氨酸和甘氨酸,补充丙氨酸就可以降低有毒的脱氧鞘脂的水平。由此我们看到,由于丝氨酸和甘氨酸的缺乏或者由于大量丙氨酸的补充,会导致异常的脱氧鞘脂的产生,从而抑制了HCT116细胞的非贴壁生长。

紧接着,为了探究在氨基酸代谢过程中,是否是由于脱氧鞘酯的合成导致非贴壁细胞生长状态的改变,该研究团队用肌球蛋白直接靶向作用于SPT,并且量化此作用下对HCT116细胞生长的影响 。在结肠癌细胞系中进行测试发现,当有丙氨酸存在时,SPT的抑制作用可以帮助细胞恢复非贴壁生长的状态,进一步将丙氨酸代谢水平的调节与潜在的脱氧鞘氨醇(deoxysphinganine)联系起来。脱氧鞘氨醇在N-酰化和形成脱氧DHCER时具有细胞毒性,因此使用fumonisin B1抑制神经酰胺(ceramide)的合成可以起到与肌球蛋白帮助非贴壁细胞生长相类似的效果 (图2)。

最后,他们给患有结肠癌HCT116异种移植瘤的小鼠分别提供正常对照组饲料或缺乏丝氨酸和甘氨酸的异氮源饲料(-SC组)。-SC组喂养的小鼠荷瘤较小,体内丝氨酸,甘氨酸和丙氨酸水平发生了变化(丝氨酸和甘氨酸水平降低,丙氨酸水平升高)。此外,比较对照组和用-SC喂养的小鼠体内分离出的肿瘤中的脂质,脱氧鞘酯水平差别最明显。-SC组喂养的小鼠的肿瘤中,脱氧鞘氨醇,脱氧DHCER和脱氧神经酰胺的含量与对照组相比都增加了5-8倍。因此,缺乏丝氨酸和甘氨酸的饲养会导致有毒的脱氧鞘酯在肿瘤中累积,从而抑制了肿瘤细胞的生长。

着眼于丝氨酸棕榈酰转移酶SPT在氨基酸代谢中的作用,该研究揭示了酶混杂性对生物系统功能的影响。而脱氧鞘酯或许可以作为应激信号,影响细胞膜的组成和细胞生长。尽管需要进一步研究来说明为什么这些分子对癌细胞具有毒性,但是SPT作为脂质代谢应答开关,可能可以作为潜在的新型抗癌手段。

原始出处:

Thangaselvam Muthusamy, Thekla Cordes, Michal K Handzlik, et al.Serine restriction alters sphingolipid diversity to constrain tumour growth.Nature. 2020 Aug 12. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2609-x.

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    2020-08-27 14818eb4m67暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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    2021-06-13 liye789132251
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    2020-08-15 肿肿

    机制研究离临床仍然有距离,不过与临床结合思考,仍然有帮助的,不能仅仅是纯临床思维,转化思维同样重要

    0

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