夜间玩电脑、看手机,加速衰老、缩短寿命?Nature子刊首次发现,眼睛与寿命的联系

2022-06-15 四五七 MedSci原创

自然·通讯:美国巴克研究所(Buck Institute)的科学家们首次证明眼睛竟然能够调控寿命的长短——眼部功能障碍会加速衰老进程,使寿命缩短,而促进眼部健康则会延长寿命。

“这双眼看过了太多”经常被用来形容一个人饱经沧桑,拥有一双清澈的眼睛,百岁老人也看起来精神矍铄,而眼珠子浑浊不堪,即使未过半百,也给人一种风烛残年的印象。
 
在我们的认知里,老花眼、白内障、视力衰退等眼部功能障碍是人体衰老过程中的伴随现象,或者说是衰老造成的结果。
 
然而,近期一项研究却提出了一个令人匪夷所思的观点,美国巴克研究所(Buck Institute)的科学家们首次证明眼睛竟然能够调控寿命的长短——眼部功能障碍会加速衰老进程,使寿命缩短,而促进眼部健康则会延长寿命。该研究发表于《自然·通讯》。
 
“我们一直认为眼睛只是作为视觉器官而存在,从未想过眼睛竟然能够影响到整个机体的健康。”研究的通讯作者、衰老领域专家Kapahi教授谈到。
 
图片
 
Kapahi研究团队是如何发现眼睛与寿命之间的关联的呢?这还要从他们2016年发表于《细胞·代谢》的一项研究说起,在这项研究中Kapahi等人发现:饮食限制能够通过增强生物钟及其调控的基因表达,来促进果蝇寿命延长。
 
生物钟(又称昼夜节律)是所有生命体内的一个“时钟”,为了使机体内部功能与外界环境的昼夜变化相适应,生物钟在不同的时间段指挥着各组织器官,告诉它们什么时候该做什么事。我们的饮食、睡眠、情绪、代谢、认知等都受到生物钟的精准调控。
 
然而随着年纪的增大,生物钟发生紊乱导致各种衰老相关疾病如糖尿病、冠心病、失眠、神经退行性疾病甚至是肿瘤的发生,加速衰老进程。
 
而饮食限制作为一种有效的延寿方式,能够促进生物钟基因及其下游受调控的节律基因转录,恢复生物钟功能,让各器官功能再次变得“井井有条”,以此促进果蝇寿命延长。
 
图片
注:在饮食限制条件下,果蝇生物钟基因及其下游受调控的基因表达量增加、节律性增强,AL(随意饮食),DR(饮食限制)
 
通过进一步分析,研究人员发现了一个非常神奇的现象,在饮食限制条件下,改变最显著的、受生物钟调控的基因大部分都来自于果蝇的眼睛,尤其是光感受器(位于视网膜上的感受光的特殊神经元)
 
图片
 
饮食限制能够延缓果蝇视力衰退速度,并且这种作用需要依赖于生物钟基因的表达,在眼部光感受器生物钟基因负性表达(prCLK-Δ1)的情况下,饮食限制减缓视力衰退的效果大打折扣。
 
不仅如此,prCLK-Δ1果蝇饮食限制的延寿效果也不如同样饮食限制的野生型果蝇,说明只有在眼部生物钟基因表达的情况下,饮食限制才能够最大程度发挥延缓视力衰退和延长寿命的作用。
 
眼部生物钟基因表达延缓视力衰退、调控寿命的更直观的表现为:prCLK-Δ1果蝇视力衰退加速,寿命直接缩短。
 
图片
那么,果蝇视力衰退与寿命缩短之间是否还存在着直接联系呢?
 
研究人员利用RNA干扰技术使果蝇眼部ATPα基因表达下降,制造了视力退化的果蝇模型,结果发现这些视力衰退的果蝇产生了类似“炎性衰老”的全身炎症反应提高,包括抗菌肽表达增多以及免疫细胞的激活。
 
更重要的是,这些视力退化的果蝇和野生型果蝇相比寿命显著缩短,即使是饮食限制也不能使视力退化的短命果蝇寿命延长。
 
除此以外,研究者利用光遗传手段使得果蝇眼部光感受器长时间处于激活状态,加剧光感受器损耗,同样导致了果蝇寿命缩短。
 
图片
既然视力退化能够直接导致果蝇寿命缩短,反过来是不是意味着保护视力是否能够延长果蝇寿命呢?
 
确实如此。研究人员将果蝇置于黑暗环境中培养,结果发现,在24小时黑暗环境下生活的果蝇寿命比12:12明暗环境下成长的果蝇,寿命要长。同样,视紫红质表达缺陷(rhodopsin-null mutants)的果蝇,眼部光感受器不能够“感光”,避免了光暴露带来的损伤,这些果蝇寿命也得到了延长。
 
图片
这项研究首次发现了眼睛能够直接调控寿命的长短,考虑到眼睛是果蝇主要的耗能器官,对于人类而言,眼睛对寿命的影响可能不会像果蝇这么明显。
 
但这也足以给夜猫子敲响警钟了:夜间玩电脑、看手机,不仅违背了生物钟,还容易损伤视力,长此以往,可能会带来一些不利的健康影响,至于会不会造成寿命缩短,还需要后续更多研究。
 

参考文献:

[1]Hodge BA, Meyerhof GT, Katewa SD, et al. Dietary restriction and the transcription factor clock delay eye aging to extend lifespan in Drosophila Melanogaster. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):3156. Published 2022 Jun 7. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-30975-4

[2]Katewa SD, Akagi K, Bose N, et al. Peripheral Circadian Clocks Mediate Dietary Restriction-Dependent Changes in Lifespan and Fat Metabolism in Drosophila. Cell Metab. 2016;23(1):143-154. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.10.014

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    2023-02-22 liye789132251
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1885814, encodeId=570618858148f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Feb 22 21:54:14 CST 2023, time=2023-02-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1228614, encodeId=540a122861453, content=长知识了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=94494955853, createdName=180452c89dm, createdTime=Sat Jun 25 16:51:05 CST 2022, time=2022-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1226890, encodeId=094912268908b, content=这么说近视眼还怎么办, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=1, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c3105472928, createdName=Elastic, createdTime=Thu Jun 16 20:58:27 CST 2022, time=2022-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1227049, encodeId=4da9122e049ef, content=那瞎子不是长命百岁, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5b4d5610406, createdName=ms3000001414559639, createdTime=Fri Jun 17 15:44:16 CST 2022, time=2022-06-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1226916, encodeId=00a6122691658, content=我这近视度数九百,情况很不妙啊这, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ce766522943, createdName=ms1000001407104986, createdTime=Thu Jun 16 22:43:17 CST 2022, time=2022-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-06-25 180452c89dm

    长知识了

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1885814, encodeId=570618858148f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Wed Feb 22 21:54:14 CST 2023, time=2023-02-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1228614, encodeId=540a122861453, content=长知识了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=94494955853, createdName=180452c89dm, createdTime=Sat Jun 25 16:51:05 CST 2022, time=2022-06-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1226890, encodeId=094912268908b, content=这么说近视眼还怎么办, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=1, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c3105472928, createdName=Elastic, createdTime=Thu Jun 16 20:58:27 CST 2022, time=2022-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1227049, encodeId=4da9122e049ef, content=那瞎子不是长命百岁, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=5b4d5610406, createdName=ms3000001414559639, createdTime=Fri Jun 17 15:44:16 CST 2022, time=2022-06-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1226916, encodeId=00a6122691658, content=我这近视度数九百,情况很不妙啊这, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=ce766522943, createdName=ms1000001407104986, createdTime=Thu Jun 16 22:43:17 CST 2022, time=2022-06-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-06-16 Elastic

    这么说近视眼还怎么办

    1

    展开1条回复
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    2022-06-17 ms3000001414559639

    那瞎子不是长命百岁

    0

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    2022-06-16 ms1000001407104986

    我这近视度数九百,情况很不妙啊这

    0

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