Nature Communications:研究首次证实支配运动的各种神经元的多样性

2021-05-07 Viho MedSci原创

在脊椎动物中,运动控制依赖于近百年来被广泛研究的脊髓胆碱能神经元,但这些神经元的完全异质性及其在成人中的不同功能作用仍有待确定。

在脊椎动物中,运动控制依赖于近百年来被广泛研究的脊髓胆碱能神经元,但这些神经元的完全异质性及其在成人中的不同功能作用仍有待确定。

近日,发表在Nature Communications的研究中,研究人员发现一种靶向的单核RNA测序方法,并利用它来鉴定胆碱能中间神经元、内脏运动神经元和骨骼运动神经元。该研究数据揭示了区分这类胆碱能神经元的标记物及其丰富的多样性。

具体来说,提供自律神经控制的内脏运动神经元可分为十几个转录组类别,在解剖学上沿脊髓限制性定位。骨骼肌运动神经元(MNs)的复杂性也反映在该研究的分析中。明确区分与β运动神经元相对应的α、γ和第三种亚型神经元。综合来看,该研究数据为骨骼运动这一重要的神经元群体提供了全面的转录组描述,这些神经元控制着生理和运动的许多方面,包含了衰弱性退行性疾病的细胞基质。

随着最近测序技术的进步,一些研究已经对发育期和成年期的单个脊髓神经元进行了转录分析。但由于采用的技术方法,胆碱能神经元在所有脊髓细胞中的罕见性,以及运动神经元的大尺寸,只有少数胆碱能神经元被成功测序。

该研究中,研究人员使用一种遗传策略来永久标记成年小鼠脊髓中的胆碱能核,并有选择地丰富它们的单核RNA测序(snRNAseq)。这种方法使研究者能够系统地对胆碱能神经元进行分类,并生成其转录特性的图谱。

脊髓胆碱能神经元单核RNA测序的策略

研究人员根据标记,确定并绘制了沿脊髓的各种运动神经元的图谱。这些神经元在整个身体内发送和接收信息,包括一个易受神经退行性疾病影响的亚群。通过基因测序技术创建的图谱,揭示了整个脊髓中离散区域的21种神经元亚型,提供了一个全面的转录描述这一重要的神经元群体,控制许多方面的生理和运动,并包括细胞底物衰弱退行性疾病。

脊髓神经元负责身体的所有类型的运动,从行走等自主运动到胃部处理其内容物时的不自主收缩和放松。传统上,科学家将这些神经元分为三个主要类型:骨骼运动神经元、内脏运动神经元和中间神经元。胆碱能中间神经元位于脊髓的中间区,它们通过调节回路功能来协调运动行为。

研究发现是以前没有注意到的高度不同的内脏运动神经元类型的数量。考虑到它们控制的器官和腺体的多样性,从心脏和肺到肾上腺髓质、肠道和膀胱,存在不同的亚型可能并不令人惊讶。然而,特别引人注目的是发现不同的类型是沿着脊髓的长度离散分布的,与身体地图相对应。

值得一提的是,研究发现内脏MNs延伸到了颈部脊髓,所有以前的描述都将这些神经元限制在胸腔和骶腔区域,因此,在连接和功能方面进一步描述这些颈部内脏MNs将是非常有意义的。

 

此外,还描述了一大群胆碱能中间神经元的特征,并展示了未曾预料到的多样性。

胆碱能神经元的分类显示了运动神经元和中间神经元的广泛多样性。

研究结果暴露了一系列的胆碱能中间神经元亚型,并揭示了骨骼神经元之间的重大分子多样性,确定了探索其功能的目标。发现了内脏运动神经元亚型的广泛多样性,并确定了它们在脊髓长度上的解剖组织。这些数据共同提供了脊髓胆碱能神经元类型的详细视图,确定了每种类型的分子特征,并提供了对其正常生理功能的见解。

事实上,哺乳动物的骨骼MNs对于协调肌肉活动和所有类型的有意识控制的运动是至关重要的。它们也是负责脊髓性肌肉萎缩症等疾病的进行性和最终致命症状的细胞目标。在过去的30年里,人们越来越清楚地看到,不同亚型的骨骼肌在运动控制中发挥着不同的作用,并且在疾病中具有不同的易感性。

因此,为了在动物模型中获得对骨骼神经元的遗传访问,该领域广泛依赖Chat-IRES-Cre小鼠,该小鼠广泛针对胆碱能神经元。

该研究的巧妙之处在于,研究者用这个品系来标记胆碱能神经元,并采用snRNAseq方法来描述运动神经元的多样性,确定亚型,并定义广泛的基因,可用于选择性区分研究发现的许多不同类别的成人胆碱能神经元。

文章出处: Alkaslasi MR, Piccus ZE, Hareendran S, Silberberg H, Chen L, Zhang Y, Petros TJ, and Le Pichon CE. Single nucleus RNA-sequencing defines unexpected diversity of cholinergic neuron types in the adult mouse spinal cord. Nature CommunicationsDOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22691-2

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    2021-12-02 liye789132251
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