Nature重磅:CRISPR再立功,华人科学家首次特异性靶向癌症融合基因

2017-05-02 医麦客 医麦客

KillerT cells surround a cancer cell. 来源于 NIH2017年5月2日--昨天,匹兹堡大学医学院研究人员在Nature子刊《Nature Biotechnology》在线发表了一项新的研究结果,表明使用CRISPR基因组编辑技术可以有效地靶向致癌“融合基因”,减小肿瘤大小并改善了侵袭性肝癌和前列腺癌小鼠模型的生存期。Jian-HuaLuo博士Hig



KillerT cells surround a cancer cell. 来源于 NIH

2017年5月2日--昨天,匹兹堡大学医学院研究人员在Nature子刊《Nature Biotechnology》在线发表了一项新的研究结果,表明使用CRISPR基因组编辑技术可以有效地靶向致癌“融合基因”,减小肿瘤大小并改善了侵袭性肝癌和前列腺癌小鼠模型的生存期。



Jian-HuaLuo博士

High Throughput 基因组中心主任、Pitt医学院病理学教授、首席研究员Jian-Hua Luo博士解释说:“这是第一次使用基因编辑技术来特异性靶向癌症融合基因。这真是令人兴奋,因为它为可能成为治疗癌症的全新途径奠定了基础。

当两个先前分离的基因连接在一起并产生可引起或促进癌症的异常蛋白质时,通常是与癌症相关的融合基因形成。所谓融合基因,是指将两个或多个基因的编码区首尾相连.置于同一套调控序列控制之下,构成的嵌合基因。融合基因的表达产物为融合蛋白。

Luo和他的团队以前已经确定了一组跟复发和侵略性前列腺癌相关的融合基因。今年早些时候在《Gastroenterology》杂志上发表的一项研究中,该团队报告说,一种称为MAN2A1-FER的融合基因被发现在肝癌肺癌卵巢癌等几种类型的癌症中,会促进肿瘤快速的生长。



introduce EGFP-tk into the breakpoint of TMEM135–CCDC67

在这次的研究中,研究人员采用CRISPR-Cas9基因组编辑技术来靶向由于基因融合形成的独特DNA序列。该团队使用病毒来传递剪切融合基因的突变DNA的基因编辑工具,并置换为癌细胞致死基因。因为融合基因只存在于癌细胞中,健康的细胞中是没有的。所以通过基因治疗靶向融合基因具有高度的特异性,这种方法在转化到临床应用上时可能会显着减少副作用,这是其他癌症治疗方法如化疗的主要关注点。

研究人员使用接受人前列腺癌和肝癌细胞移植的小鼠模型进行研究。编辑癌症融合基因导致肿瘤大小降低了30%。同时没有一只小鼠发生癌细胞转移,并且在八周观察期间都存活。相比之下,在对照组小鼠中,敲除另一种不存在于其肿瘤中的融合基因的小鼠,肿瘤体积增加了近40倍,大多数动物都观察到了癌细胞转移的现象,并且在研究结束前小鼠全部死亡。



xenografted prostate cancers in SCID mice

Luo说:“新的研究结果表明了一种全新的抗癌方法。其他类型的癌症治疗方式针对的是军队的士兵,而我们的方法是瞄准指挥中心,这就使得敌方士兵变为一盘散沙,无力反击。”

相比较传统癌症治疗,这个新型疗法的另一个优点是具有很强的适应性。使标准化疗法无效的常见问题就是癌细胞的突变。Luo指出,当我们使用基因编辑技术时,就不需要担心这个问题了,因为新的突变会成为继续对抗癌症的新靶标。

基因编辑颠覆了传统疗法,可谓是生物界的一股旋风,成功地扮演了整个基因治疗领域搅局者的角色。CRISPR的登场,更是把基因治疗的武器库升级到一种前所未有的高度。不仅仅是在癌症领域,CRISPR技术在攻克HIV病毒上也是捷报不断。

2017年4月,美国《MolecularTherapy》杂志刊登了美国天普大学华人科学家胡文辉等人的最新研究成果:他们利用基因编辑技术,从多靶点高效剔除了一种人源化小鼠多个器官组织中的人类HIV病毒。



HIV-DNA-snipping

胡文辉和同校同事卡迈勒·哈利利以及匹兹堡大学杨文彬等人首先利用HIV病毒感染人源化BLT小鼠,然后借助腺相关病毒(AAV)作为载体,把有“基因剪刀”之称的CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑工具运送到潜伏感染小鼠体内。2到4周后,他们在多个小鼠器官组织中检测到艾滋病病毒基因组被切除。

众所周知,HIV病毒基因具有“善变性”,胡文辉团队这次提出了一种新思路,用多靶点基因编辑取代单靶点,以遏制病毒逃逸。他们针对艾滋病病毒转录区和结构区设计了4个向导RNA(核糖核酸),引导Cas9酶到预定位置实现多靶点切除,显着增加了艾滋病病毒的剔除效率。运用“基因魔剪”剔除艾滋病病毒还有一大优点:不影响靶细胞的存活和功能,即“只杀病毒不杀细胞”。

虽然目前基因编辑疗法尚不能100%清除动物体内的艾滋病病毒,但能够显着降低潜伏病毒量,因此与抗逆转录病毒药物组合使用不失为一种有希望的艾滋病治疗策略。

CRISPR技术让基因编辑领域迎来了新一轮掘金热潮。在多个领域传来令人振奋的消息,可见其广泛的应用前景,相信由它带来的一场巨大变革即将到来。

参考出处:

http://www.futurity.org/university/university-of-pittsburgh/

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2017-05-gene-approach-cancer-treatment-mice.html

http://www.cell.com/molecular-therapy-family/molecular-therapy/references/S1525-0016(17)30110-7

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    2017-05-31 liye789132251
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    2017-05-04 yuandd
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    2017-05-04 licz0427
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