Sci Adv:解锁致命肺癌治疗新靶点,糖尿病候选药或立奇功

2019-07-30 纪大乙 生物探索

根据国家癌症中心公布的全国癌症统计数据显示,肺癌的发病及发病率都高居我国恶性肿瘤首位。从病理和治疗角度,肺癌大致可以分为非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)和小细胞肺癌(SCLC)两大类,其中非小细胞肺癌约占80%~85%。目前的治疗中,部分患者获益于靶向治疗或免疫疗法,但绝大多数NSCLC患者除了化疗以外别无他选。

根据国家癌症中心公布的全国癌症统计数据显示,肺癌的发病及发病率都高居我国恶性肿瘤首位。从病理和治疗角度,肺癌大致可以分为非小细胞肺癌NSCLC)和小细胞肺癌(SCLC)两大类,其中非小细胞肺癌约占80%~85%。目前的治疗中,部分患者获益于靶向治疗或免疫疗法,但绝大多数NSCLC患者除了化疗以外别无他选。

近日,美国Salk研究所研究人员发现通过保持一种名为CREB的细胞“开关”能够触发肿瘤生长。而阻断这个“开关” 的药物或将为非小细胞肺癌患者带来生的希望。

实际上,非小细胞肺癌目前并没有一个好的确切的有效疗法,该项研究或许是这一疾病的一项重大突破。

“开关分子”CREB

CREB分子是一种转录因子,它能与DNA结合改变基因转录,在蛋白质制造中起关键作用。Salk 实验室的Montminy 和Shaw实验室一直重点关注CREB在糖尿病患者中的作用。但是近年来,越来越多的研究表明CREB在癌症中也很重要。

来自Montminy实验室的Laura Rodón想看看具体CREB与非小细胞肺癌患者的哪些基因结合,以了解CREB如何影响癌症,并揭示潜在的新药靶点。于是,研究小组研究了非小细胞肺癌细胞系在小鼠模型中的生长情况,并将实验室结果与患者肿瘤数据进行了关联对比。研究人员发现CREB及其伴侣CRTC2在非小细胞肺癌的一个亚群中被激活。


CREB及其伴侣CRTC2在非小细胞肺癌中被激活。图像显示,对照组小鼠的肺肿瘤(深紫色)与缺乏CRTC2的小鼠相比(底部),这表明在这部分患者中,干扰CREB或CRTC2的药物具有治疗潜力。

失职的LKB1

LKB1是一种肿瘤抑制因子,正常情况下它应该会积极的阻止这种激活。但是这种检查点在基因突变的患者身上消失了。在这些患者中,CRTC2异常激活,并刺激导致肺癌的基因。更值得注意的是,研究小组后续实验表明CRTC2错误地开启了另一种名为ID1的基因,而ID1基因已知会在其他组织中引发癌症。

LKB1基因的工作原理就像接力队的队长一样,把细胞信号像接力棒一样传递给激酶,然后通过连锁反应把信号传递给其他酶。LKB1是一个由14个不同激酶成员组成的团队的队长。但是,自从LKB1首次被确定为肺癌中一个被破坏的主要基因以来,人们在这15多年来一直不清楚到底是哪一种激酶具体负责LKB1的抑癌功能。

2018年,Shaw实验室解决了这个分子谜题的第一步,证实其14名成员中有2名(已知控制新陈代谢和生长的主要酶)对LKB1阻断肺癌的作用并不像大多数科学家认为的那么重要。这使得激酶的12名成员成为潜在的重要分子,但目前研究对这些酶几乎一无所知。

解密12酶

“这就像一个癌症侦探案件。我们怀疑这12个激酶中的一个可能是LKB1抑制肿瘤作用的关键,但我们不确定是哪一个。”

为了弄清楚这个问题,研究小组使用CRISPR技术结合基因分析来灭活每一个可疑的激酶,一次灭活一个,然后综合分析。研究人员观察了非小细胞肺癌细胞培养液和非小细胞肺癌小鼠模型中,这种失活是如何影响肿瘤生长和发育的。

最终研究人员发现了两种激酶:一种名为SIK1的激酶在阻止肿瘤形成方面效果最强。SIK1失活后,肿瘤生长增加;当一种相关的激酶SIK3也被灭活时,肿瘤生长得更加迅速。

双料“MVP”

也就是说,总共14种激酶,SIK1和SIK3是其中的双料“MVP”。研究人员进一步研究发现SIK1和SIK3对肺癌细胞的炎症反应具有特异性抑制作用。因此,当LKB1或SIK1和SIK3在肿瘤中发生突变时,会促使炎症增加,从而促进肿瘤生长。

与此相关的是,Salk实验室的教授Marc Montminy最近与Shaw一起发表了一篇论文,确定了SIK1和SIK3“传递接力棒”的代谢开关,揭示了LKB1启动接力赛的三个步骤。

结语

“通过从不同角度解决肺癌问题,我们现在已经确定了一条直接途径,支持许多患者疾病的发展。自2006年我开始实验以来,我们一直在研究这个项目,因此在这个非常明确肺癌组中,炎症是肿瘤形成的驱动力,这是令人难以置信和惊人的发现。这一发现凸显了科学研究的本质——坚持与专注,因为有时候可能需要10年以上才能得到答案,” Shaw说。


左起:Marc Montminy,LauraRodón和Reuben Shaw。图片来源:Salk Institute

下一步,研究人员计划进一步研究这些激酶驱动的炎症开关如何触发非小细胞肺癌的肺肿瘤生长。

原始出处:Rodón L1, Svensson RU2, Wiater E1, et al. The CREB coactivator CRTC2 promotes oncogenesis in LKB1-mutant non-small cell lung cancer. Sci Adv. 2019 Jul 24

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    2019-08-01 lsndxfj
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    2019-07-31 lovetcm

    二甲双胍又立功了?

    0

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    2019-07-31 飛歌

    学习了很有用不错

    0

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    2019-07-31 misszhang

    谢谢MedSci提供最新的资讯

    0

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