J Diabetes:糖尿病治疗模式变革即将到来?

2013-01-05 J Diabetes 中国医学论坛报

■ 控制血糖并非唯一目标,药物选择应权衡风险与获益   治疗模式变革,SU及其替代疗法作用或需重新评估   自退伍军人糖尿病研究(VADT)、控制糖尿病患者心血管风险行动研究(ACCORD)和糖尿病治疗与心血管保护行动:培哚普利/吲达帕胺复方制剂与格列齐特缓释片对照评估研究(ADVANCE)结果发表3~4年后,更多研究者认识到,针对所有糖尿病人群制定单一的血糖控制目标可能不妥,这大

■ 控制血糖并非唯一目标,药物选择应权衡风险与获益

  
治疗模式变革,SU及其替代疗法作用或需重新评估

  自退伍军人糖尿病研究(VADT)、控制糖尿病患者心血管风险行动研究(ACCORD)和糖尿病治疗与心血管保护行动:培哚普利/吲达帕胺复方制剂与格列齐特缓释片对照评估研究(ADVANCE)结果发表3~4年后,更多研究者认识到,针对所有糖尿病人群制定单一的血糖控制目标可能不妥,这大概是因为在这些研究中出现的不良预后均与更频繁的低血糖事件有关。我们是否要进行一次治疗模式的变革?实际上是演变成为一种新观念,即在血糖控制与其他同等重要的目标(例如避免低血糖造成的危害)之间取得平衡。由于这种观念上的转变,我们是否需要重新评估胰岛素促泌剂磺脲类药物(SU)以及其替代疗法基于肠促胰素治疗的作用?

  基于肠促胰素治疗:机制不同,作用相似,副作用更少

  上述两类药物对β细胞的作用大不相同。SU关闭胰岛β细胞膜上的ATP敏感钾离子(KATP)通道,主要是通过增加胞浆内的钙离子(Ca2+)浓度而发挥作用,肠促胰素则是通过与G-偶联蛋白受体结合后激活腺苷酸环化酶,增加对胞浆内Ca2+水平的敏感性,导致在特定葡萄糖浓度下胰岛素的分泌更多。实际上,在二甲双胍基础上加用二肽基肽酶-4抑制剂(DPP-4i)与加用SU具有相似的降糖作用,这一点已在西格列汀与格列吡嗪、沙格列汀与格列吡嗪及维格列汀与格列美脲的对照研究中得到证实。但是,这两类药物导致低血糖的风险明显不同,其对体重的影响也有很大差异。荟萃分析结果证实了SU与DPP-4i具有相似的降糖作用,但亦显示SU与体重增加相关,增重程度与噻唑烷二酮类药物相似,且SU与低血糖相关;而应用DPP-4i治疗未观察到上述现象。来自大型医疗数据库的类似报告亦证实,接受DPP-4i治疗者发生低血糖的风险较低,并且有趣的是,其发生心血管事件的风险亦小于应用SU者。在病情更重的患者中,例如合并慢性肾脏病的患者,DPP-4i已被证实是安全的,并且不会像SU那样导致低血糖。

  与二甲双胍或SU相比,DPP-4i的副作用更少,并且感染、胃肠道疾病、肌肉骨骼疾病以及皮肤或皮下组织疾病的发生率并无显著差异。人们曾担心DPP-4i可能会导致胰腺炎,不过这一点并未获得临床前试验和临床试验数据支持。相反,多年来人们一直担心应用SU后胰腺外组织(如心肌和血管)的KATP通道会受到影响,这在某些特定情况下可能会加重心肌缺血。目前数据显示,SU可能与肾功能不全恶化以及死亡率升高相关,且英国前瞻性糖尿病研究中二甲双胍+SU组的分析结果已证实这一点。令人瞩目的是,不断有研究表明,接受DPP-4i治疗的患者心血管事件发生率显著低于对照者。关于使用单种药物的研究[如沙格列汀与linagliptin(编者注:在中国未上市)]以及近期一项荟萃分析均证实,与二甲双胍和SU相比,DPP-4i治疗组的心血管事件发生率低,特别是在那些持续时间≥1年的研究中。正在进行的应用西格列汀、Alogliptin以及沙格列汀的心血管预后试验将于2014年完成,应用linagliptin的试验将于2018年完成。

  即使没有关于心血管益处的证据,成本效用分析结果表明,DPP-4i由于具有相似的降糖作用并且导致体重增加和低血糖的可能性较小,因此校正后的每年生活质量令人满意。更何况如果还可减少心血管事件呢?因此,可能我们将会见到一个真正的治疗模式变革,SU的应用减少,而改用DPP-4i;如果需要降糖程度更大,则选择应用更强效的注射胰高糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)受体激动剂。


 ■ 对话作者(美国纽约西奈山医学院 Zachary Bloomgarden)

  
迎接糖尿病治疗模式变革  我们准备好了吗?

  Q1. 如何能在血糖达标与避免低血糖间取得平衡?

  Bloomgarden教授:医生可能需更多使用一些本身不太可能导致低血糖的药物。这些药物包括胰岛素增敏剂(二甲双胍和噻唑烷二酮类药物)、基于肠促胰素的药物(GLP-1受体激动剂和DPP-4i)、胰淀素受体激动剂(如在中国没有上市的普兰林肽)、α糖苷酶抑制剂、胆汁酸结合树脂及速效多巴胺受体激动剂。许多具有这些特性的药物正在研制中,例如钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白(SGLT)2抑制剂与蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(PTP)抑制剂。

  Q2. 与SU相似,格列奈类药物也会促进胰岛素分泌,为什么您在评论中只对比了SU与DPP-4i而未对比格列奈类药物、SU与DPP-4i?

  Bloomgarden教授:目前有两种格列奈类药物,那格列奈并不是特别有效;而瑞格列奈在化学结构上与格列本脲类似,且作用也似乎类似,有荟萃分析结果显示二者的低血糖风险也类似。

  Q3. 面对即将到来的治疗模式变化,我们应该做些什么,需要进行哪些研究?请您预测一下,在治疗模式转变中会有哪些困难或挑战?

  Bloomgarden教授:目前可能需要在新诊断糖尿病患者中进行关于治疗结果对比的研究,对易导致低血糖的药物与不太可能导致低血糖的药物进行比较。

  在治疗模式转变中,最大的挑战就是要改变医师的处方模式。但是,一旦熟悉了转变后的治疗方法,多数糖尿病医师会发现这一方法简单有效。



Diabetes treatment: The coming paradigm shift

Over the 3–4 years since publication of the findings of the Veteran's Administration Diabetes Trial (VADT), the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) study, and the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE) trial, there has been increasing recognition that a simple single glycemic goal for all people with diabetes may be an incorrect recommendation,likely because of adverse outcomes occurring in association with a greater frequency of hypoglycemia in these trials. Are we approaching a paradigm shift, a change in basic assumptions, in effect an evolution to new concepts of balancing glycemic goals with other, equally important goals for the avoidance of harm from hypoglycemia? Might part of this change in concept lead to reassessment of the role of sulfonylureas (SU) as insulin secretagogues and their replacement with incretin-based treatments?

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