Nat Biomed Eng:给免疫系统踩油门,MIT开发IL-12+明矾疗法,高效杀伤肿瘤,且副作用更低

2022-01-18 nagashi “E药世界”公众号

癌症,因其难治性和复杂性而被称为“众病之王”。抗击癌症,就像是赛车道上的生死时速——杀死癌细胞的速度要比其增殖速度更快。而在这条生死赛道上,人类一直拥有着一辆顶级的赛车——免疫系统。

癌症,因其难治性和复杂性而被称为“众病之王”。抗击癌症,就像是赛车道上的生死时速——杀死癌细胞的速度要比其增殖速度更快。而在这条生死赛道上,人类一直拥有着一辆顶级的赛车——免疫系统

通过刺激免疫系统来攻击肿瘤是一种很有前途的癌症治疗方法。如今,科学家们正在研究两种互补的策略来实现这一目标:“关刹车”——解除肿瘤对免疫系统的抑制;“踩油门”——通过免疫刺激药物激活免疫系统。前者已经有包括抗PD-1/PD-L1单抗在内的免疫检查点抑制剂药物上市,而后者目前还没有成功先例。

2022年1月10日,麻省理工学院(MIT)的研究团队在 Nature 子刊 Nature Biomedical Engineering 上发表了题为:Intratumourally injected alum-tethered cytokines elicit potent and safer local and systemic anticancer immunity 的研究论文。

该研究开发出一种新的、启动免疫系统的方法,将细胞因子IL-12与氢氧化铝(明矾)相结合并递送到肿瘤中,激活肿瘤免疫的同时也避免了在全身使用免疫刺激药物时可能出现的毒性反应。

在一项对小鼠的研究中,研究团队将这种治疗策略与抗PD-1单抗一起使用,成功激活免疫系统,消除了多种类型的肿瘤。

该研究的通讯作者、麻省理工学院科赫综合癌症研究所副主任 Darrell Irvine 教授说道:“IL-12只是一个开始,这个治疗策略或许可以适用于任何其他的免疫刺激药物。”

目前,研究团队已经为这一治疗技术申请了专利,并授权给一家初创公司,预计有望在2022年底前开始临床试验。

生物世界:我们推测可能是 Strand Therapeutics 获得了该技术的授权,但并未公布,因此不能肯定。

踩油门

随着肿瘤的发展,它们会分泌一些分子,使附近的T细胞和其他免疫细胞失去功能,从而使肿瘤不受控制地生长。这就像是癌细胞给免疫系统踩上了“刹车”。而免疫检查点抑制剂可以用来激活免疫系统,但这只对某些类型的癌症有效,很多其他类型的癌症对这种治疗有抗药性。

结合免疫检查点抑制剂和刺激免疫系统的药物,可能会使癌症免疫疗法对更多的患者有效。细胞因子是人体自然产生的免疫化学物质,可以激活人体的免疫系统。然而,在临床试验中,这些药物显示出了太多的毒副作用,例如流感样症状,甚至是器官衰竭。

本研究的通讯作者之一 Dane Wittrup 教授表示:“如果让病人暴露在大量细胞因子中,他们的全身都会出现反应,这会产生十分强烈的毒副作用,因此难以实现想要的抗肿瘤效果。”

为了避免这些副作用,研究团队一直在研究以更有针对性的递送细胞因子的方法。2019年6月,该团队在 Science Translational Medicine 发表论文,他们将细胞因子IL-12和IL-2附着在胶原结合蛋白上,这种蛋白质会与肿瘤中大量表达的胶原蛋白结合,从而将这些细胞因子特异性地递送到肿瘤组织。

这一治疗策略在小鼠研究中效果很好,但他们希望找到一种方法,使细胞因子更强地与肿瘤结合。如今,在他们的最新研究中,他们用氢氧化铝取代了胶原结合蛋白。

氢氧化铝,也被称为明矾,经常被用作疫苗佐剂(一种帮助增强免疫应答的药物),同时也是一种食品添加剂,例如炸油条时添加明矾作为膨化剂,但由于明矾含有铝离子,过量摄入会影响人体对铁、钙等成份的吸收,导致骨质疏松、贫血,甚至影响神经细胞的发育。因此,一些营养专家提出,要尽量少吃含有明矾的食品。

然而,正是这样一种名声不好的食品添加剂,却成为了这项最新研究成功的关键!该研究的第一作者 Yash Agarwal?博士说道:“明矾的一个主要优势是,这些颗粒是微米级的,所以当你将它们注射到人或小鼠体内时,它们会在你注射的地方停留数周,有时甚至会持续数月。”

更强的肿瘤抑制,更低的毒副作用

为了测试这种治疗的有效性,研究人员给小鼠注射了与明矾颗粒结合的IL-12或IL-2,并每隔几天给小鼠注射抗PD-1单抗的免疫检查点抑制剂。

在三种癌症的小鼠模型中,研究人员发现50%到90%的小鼠的肿瘤被消除了。在一个乳腺癌肺转移的小鼠模型中,在乳腺癌部位的一次注射也清除了转移性肿瘤。此外,即使不联合使用抗PD-1单抗,IL-12-明矾颗粒也显示出刺激免疫系统对抗肿瘤的能力。

IL-12-明矾颗粒促进原位4T1乳腺癌模型的全身免疫

进一步的研究表明,IL-12刺激另一种叫做γ-干扰素的细胞因子的产生,这两种分子共同作用,激活T细胞、树突状细胞和巨噬细胞。不仅如此,这种疗法还能刺激记忆T细胞,使其对肿瘤的再生产生反应。

更重要的是,接受IL-12-明矾颗粒治疗的小鼠没有出现任何系统性注射IL-12时出现的副作用。

IL-12 -明矾颗粒滞留在肿瘤组织中,给药后产生的全身毒性可以忽略不计

目前,获得该技术许可的这家初创公司计划于今年年底首次自行测试IL-12-明矾颗粒,如果这种疗法被证明是安全的,他们希望进一步测试IL-12-明矾颗粒与免疫检查点抑制剂的联合使用效果。

总而言之,这项研究开发了一种激活免疫系统且副作用小的免疫治疗策略——将明矾颗粒与细胞因子IL-12相结合再直接递送到肿瘤组织中,IL-12-明矾颗粒会在肿瘤部位停留数周,降低毒副作用的同时刺激γ-干扰素的产生,并激活免疫系统,启动肿瘤免疫反应。

IL-12-明矾颗粒激活免疫系统

IL-12 -明矾颗粒与免疫检查点抑制剂抗PD-1单抗联合使用在多种小鼠癌症模型中均表现出良好的治疗效果,并可以治疗转移性肿瘤。

Darrell Irvine 教授表示:“这种将分子附着到明矾上的新方法也可以用于递送其他类型的免疫刺激药物。这类涉及“踩油门”的药物基本是还没有成功先例,我们希望这能为测试这些药物开辟道路”

原始出处:

Agarwal, Y., Milling, L.E., Chang, J.Y.H. et al. Intratumourally injected alum-tethered cytokines elicit potent and safer local and systemic anticancer immunity. Nat Biomed Eng (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-021-00831-9.

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    2022-09-22 gracezdd
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    2022-12-12 spoonycyy
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    2022-07-24 liye789132251
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    2022-01-29 sunylz
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    2022-01-20 jjjiang0202
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