Cell :连续取得进展!施一公团队首次揭开阿尔兹海默重要蛋白γ分泌酶与药物结合全过程

2020-12-31 枫叶 iNature

γ-分泌酶抑制剂(GSI)和调节剂(GSM)的开发为阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)和癌症提供了诱人的治疗机会。但是,这些GSI和GSM如何靶向γ-分泌酶仍然很大程度上未知。

γ-分泌酶抑制剂(GSI)和调节剂(GSM)的开发为阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)和癌症提供了诱人的治疗机会。但是,这些GSI和GSM如何靶向γ-分泌酶仍然很大程度上未知。

2020年12月28日,清华大学施一公团队在Cell 在线发表题为“Structural basis of γ-secretase inhibition and modulation by small molecule drugs”的研究论文,该研究报告了三种不同的GSI抑制γ分泌酶的结构机制:Semagacestat,Avagacestat和L685,458。该研究还报告了与GSM E2012结合的γ-分泌酶的原子结构,整体分辨率为2.6 –3.1Å。值得注意的是,每个GSI都在presenilin1(PS1)上占据相同的一般位置,以容纳淀粉样前体蛋白或Notch的β链,从而干扰了底物募集。L685,458直接协调PS1的两个催化天冬氨酸残基。E2012与细胞外侧γ-分泌酶的变构位点结合,可能解释了其调节活性。

总之,该研究揭示了三种不同的γ-分泌酶抑制剂的作用机理,分析了其共同点,更重要的是揭示了三者之间的区别,为未来优化和设计具有底物特异性的抑制剂奠定了坚实基础。这项研究更清楚的揭示了这些调节剂和抑制剂是怎样抑制底物进入的,为之前临床药物的失败提供了解释,也将极大地推进下一代γ-分泌酶抑制剂及调节剂的设计与优化。

另外,2020年11月27日,西湖实验室(浙江省政府批准设立的省实验室,依托西湖大学),西湖大学,清华大学等多单位合作,施一公及万蕊雪共同通讯在Science 在线发表题为“Mechanism of spliceosome remodeling by the ATPase/helicase Prp2 and its coactivator Spp2”的研究论文,该研究报告了Prp2,共激活因子Spp2复合的Prp2和装载Prp2的活化剪接体的原子结构,以及结构指导的生化分析的结果。Prp2与剪接体弱结合,没有Spp2就无法发挥功能,而Spp2与Prp2和剪接体上的锚分子稳定缔合,从而将Prp2束缚到活化的剪接体上并允许Prp2起作用。Pre-mRNA被加载到Prp2的N-和C-半之间的特征通道中,其中N-half的Leu536和C-half的Arg844阻止了pre-mRNA向其5'端的向后滑动。ATP结合和水解触发Prp2中的域间移动,从而驱动pre-mRNA朝其3'端单向逐步转移。这些保守的机制解释了剪接体重塑与Pre-mRNA剪接的耦合。

2020年5月6日,施一公团队(清华大学为第一单位)在Cell Research 在线发表题为”Structure of the cytoplasmic ring of the Xenopus laevis nuclear pore complex by cryo-electron microscopy single particle analysis“的研究论文,该研究介绍了非洲爪蟾NPC CR的单粒子冷冻电子显微镜(cryo-EM)结构,平均分辨率为5.5-7.9–Å,局部分辨率达到4.5Å。改进的分辨率允许在大多数CR组件中标识和放置辅助结构元素。每个CR亚基中的两个Y复合物彼此相互作用,并与侧翼亚基的Y复合物缔合,形成圆形支架。在每个CR亚基中,含有Nup358的区域包裹着两个Y复合物的茎,可能稳定了支架。Nup205连接两个Y配合物的短臂,并与相邻Y配合物的茎相连。包含Nup214的区域使用延伸的卷曲螺旋连接两个Y络合物的Nup85,并突出到NPC的轴向孔中。这些以前没有特征的结构特征揭示了对NPC组装的了解(点击阅读)。

2020年5月4日,施一公团队(西湖大学为第一单位)在Cell Research 在线发表题为”Molecular architecture of the luminal ring of the Xenopus laevis nuclear pore complex“的研究论文,该研究报告了非洲爪蟾卵母细胞的NPC的腔环(LR)的冷冻电子断层扫描(cryo-ET)结构。LR的观察到的关键结构特征可通过单粒子低温电子显微镜(cryo-EM)分析独立确认。该研究揭示了LR以前未知的特征,并可能解释了NPC的弹性(点击阅读)。

膜包埋的γ-分泌酶切割多个信号蛋白的跨膜结构域(TM),例如淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白(APP)和Notch。APP首先在细胞外空间被β-分泌酶切割。所得的C端99位残基片段(APP-C99)被γ-分泌酶进一步蛋白水解以生成细胞内结构域(AICD)和48位或49位残基的跨膜肽(Aβ48或Aβ49)。然后,通过γ-分泌酶每三个或四个残基对Aβ48和Aβ49进行修饰,生成不同长度的Aβ肽以及各种三肽和四肽的副产物。 Aβ肽的积累导致形成β-淀粉样斑块,这是阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)的标志。

γ-分泌酶包含四个亚基:催化亚基PS1或PS2,Pen-2,APH-1和Nicastrin(NCT)。绝大多数家族性AD衍生(FAD)突变靶向PS1,而PS2和APP的作用较小。几乎所有的突变都会导致APP的蛋白水解异常。这些观察结果提出了淀粉样蛋白假说,这表明Aβ低聚物和斑块沉积是AD发展的致病因素。该假设预测,抑制γ-分泌酶可能会降低AD的产生,并降低Aβ寡聚体和斑块沉积的积累,这可能是AD的有效治疗方法。

Semagacestat由Eli Lily开发并代号LY-450139,是第一个进入III期临床评估的γ-分泌酶抑制剂(GSI)。与令人鼓舞的早期结果相反,Semagacestat未能显示出III期的认知改善,但产生了严重的副作用。副作用归因于其他底物如Notch的裂解抑制。为了解决这个问题,已经开发出了特定于底物的GSI,代表性的临床候选药物Avagacestat(称为BMS-708163)比Notch优先抑制APP的裂解。但是,高剂量的Avagacestat仍能抑制Notch裂解并表现出毒性。

根据抑制机制,GSI分为过渡态类似物(TSA)和非TSA。Semagacestat和Avagacestat都是非竞争性非TSA抑制剂。相反,小分子L685,458是广泛研究的竞争性TSA。L685,458直接结合PS1的活性位点。

除GSI外,γ-分泌酶调节剂(GSM)也被认为是缓解AD症状的一类有吸引力的小分子。GSM可能会促进Aβ42的进一步切割,从而减少易于聚集的Aβ肽的数量。与GSI不同,GSM是在远离γ-分泌酶活性位点的不同变构位点处识别的。因此,特定的GSI可以与GSM配合使用以实现底物选择性抑制。小分子E2012是杂环GSM家族中广泛使用的经典成员。

更具体的GSI的发展需要对一般抑制以及底物选择性抑制的机理了解。GSM的改进需要有关其被γ-分泌酶识别的结构信息。不幸的是,这种信息在很大程度上仍然未知。迄今为止,尚无关于通过γ-分泌酶识别任何GSI或GSM的原子模型。在这项研究中,报告了三种不同的GSI抑制γ分泌酶的结构机制:Semagacestat,Avagacestat和L685,458。该研究还报告了与GSM E2012结合的γ-分泌酶的原子结构,整体分辨率为2.6 –3.1Å。

值得注意的是,每个GSI都在presenilin1(PS1)上占据相同的一般位置,以容纳淀粉样前体蛋白或Notch的β链,从而干扰了底物募集。L685,458直接协调PS1的两个催化天冬氨酸残基。E2012与细胞外侧γ-分泌酶的变构位点结合,可能解释了其调节活性。

总之,该研究揭示了三种不同的γ-分泌酶抑制剂的作用机理,分析了其共同点,更重要的是揭示了三者之间的区别,为未来优化和设计具有底物特异性的抑制剂奠定了坚实基础。这项研究更清楚的揭示了这些调节剂和抑制剂是怎样抑制底物进入的,为之前临床药物的失败提供了解释,也将极大地推进下一代γ-分泌酶抑制剂及调节剂的设计与优化。

据悉,施一公为该研究论文的通讯作者,杨光辉(中国农业大学教授)、周瑞(清华大学生命学院助理教授)、郭雪飞(清华大学生命学院博士生)为论文的共同第一作者。

原始出处:

Guanghui Yang, Rui Zhou, Xuefei Guo,et al.Structural basis of γ-secretase inhibition and modulation by small molecule drugs.Cell.2020 Dec17;S0092-8674(20)31621-4.doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.049.

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    2021-06-01 维他命
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