5张表掌握:48种失眠、焦虑、抑郁药物的临床应用

2021-10-09 Dr.Wu彤彤 MedSci原创

抑郁症是一种高患病率、高复发率、高负担率的精神疾患。据世界卫生组织统计,抑郁症已成为世界第4大疾患。

抑郁症是一种高患病率、高复发率、高负担率的精神疾患。据世界卫生组织统计,抑郁症已成为世界第4大疾患。临床上我们常常发现,大部分抑郁、焦虑的精神障碍患者都伴有严重失眠症状;而长期失眠的患者会发展成为抑郁、焦虑患者或加重抑郁、焦虑症状,失眠与抑郁、焦虑互为风险因素。临床上失眠往往先于或者同步伴随抑郁、焦虑症状。

因此,对抑郁、焦虑和失眠进行综合治疗成为目前国际上这类疾病治疗的新趋势。药物治疗特别需要兼顾疗效与安全性。现针对合理使用失眠、焦虑、抑郁药物进行总结,为临床合理用药提供参考。

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 常用的抗抑郁药物包括选择性5-HT再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)、5-HT和去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(SNRIs)、去甲肾上腺素及特异性5-HT能抗抑郁剂(NaSSAs)、三环类和杂环类药物(TCAs)、单胺氧化酶抑制剂(MAOIs)、可逆性单胺氧化酶A抑制剂(RIMAs)。此外还有抗焦虑和抗抑郁的复合制剂,如氟哌噻吨美利曲辛。

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失眠的药物治疗

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可用于入睡困难的药物 

 

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用于治疗睡眠维持困难的药物

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       抑郁焦虑人群睡眠用药     

 

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         特殊人群睡眠用药

失眠伴抑郁的药物治疗

失眠伴抑郁首选SSRIs/SNRIs/小剂量米氮平联用SSRIs或SNRIs,必要时辅以镇静安眠药。镇静安眠药首选non‐BZDs,如唑吡坦、佐匹克隆、右佐匹克隆、扎来普隆或具有镇静作用的抗抑郁药如曲唑酮、米氮平等,可辅以有镇静、抗抑郁作用的合剂药物或中成药;失眠改善后non‐BZDs/BZDs等镇静安眠药应逐渐减量至停药,以SSRIs/SNRIs/米氮平维持治疗。镇静安眠药应使用最低有效剂量,“按需”给药、短期用药,停药时宜缓慢逐步减量至完全停药。药物的选用应注意个体化原则。

失眠伴焦虑的药物治疗

(1)BZDs:此类药物中的阿普唑仑、氯硝西泮、劳拉西泮、地西泮等,对失眠伴焦虑患者疗效较好,可减少夜间觉醒频率,但可显著减少慢波睡眠,导致睡后恢复感下降。最常见的不良反应包括头晕、口干、食欲不振、便秘、谵妄、遗忘、跌倒、潜在依赖性、次日残留的镇静作用等,尽管药物有其不良反应,但在失眠伴焦虑的患者中,BZDs有非常重要的作用。

(2)具有镇静作用的抗焦虑/抑郁药:尤其适用于焦虑伴发失眠的治疗,以曲唑酮为代表的SARIs类药物适用于失眠共病的焦虑患者,也可作为焦虑患者改善睡眠的辅助用药,能明显改善患者的睡眠质量和睡眠结构,延长患者的睡眠时间。

总结

失眠伴抑郁、焦虑的药物治疗应在治疗之前先区分抑郁和焦虑的主次,药物的选择取决于症状的严重程度和症状模式,药物的选用应注意个体化原则。必须在疗效和耐受性之间保持平衡,还要考虑用药安全性和患者偏好

美国的心理学家贝克设计了一个抑郁自评量表,包含21组,每组有4句陈述,每句都有一定数值为等级分。你可根据一周来的感觉,选择最适合自己情况的那句话。全部21组都做完后,依据总分,就能明白无误地了解自己是否有抑郁,抑郁的程度如何。欢迎扫描下方二维码自测~

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参考文献:

[1].中华医学会神经病学分会,中国成人失眠诊断与治疗指南(2017 版),中华神经科杂志,2018 52(5):324-335

[2].Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, et al.Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acutetreatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review andnetwork meta-analysis. Lancet 2018;391:1357-66.3.

[3].Bayes A, Parker G. How to choose anantidepressant medication. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2019;139(3):280-291.5.

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    2022-06-19 wetgdt
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    2021-11-18 ms8000000479995024

    非常实用

    0

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    2021-10-10 云舒

    u

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1835906, encodeId=657118359068e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfdc22e893f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床应用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22789, encryptionId=cfdc22e893f, topicName=临床应用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fc8528, createdName=clmlylxy, createdTime=Fri Mar 25 06:20:48 CST 2022, time=2022-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1722536, encodeId=70ed1e225361f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7ff5549865a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑郁药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54986, encryptionId=7ff5549865a, topicName=抑郁药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=78fa33270286, createdName=wetgdt, createdTime=Sun Jun 19 04:20:48 CST 2022, time=2022-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1071317, encodeId=88bf10e131728, content=非常实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f2625719064, createdName=ms8000000479995024, createdTime=Thu Nov 18 09:32:43 CST 2021, time=2021-11-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059286, encodeId=6f5b10592865e, content=u, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210814/61deb584a399410ca9b720adee4e6850/71825fee35134aee90c3ed9dfe89b69f.jpg, createdBy=3cff5430616, createdName=云舒, createdTime=Sun Oct 10 23:17:30 CST 2021, time=2021-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059150, encodeId=e403105915016, content=好文章谢谢!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bb232390492, createdName=hbn1987, createdTime=Sun Oct 10 11:38:00 CST 2021, time=2021-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059108, encodeId=280510591080a, content=学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210511/e9408422a23545ef9738dd674abfc4ff/c719925083844b82986bc39d43051172.jpg, createdBy=8eb14795142, createdName=与狼共舞, createdTime=Sun Oct 10 07:58:12 CST 2021, time=2021-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059107, encodeId=65df105910e3b, content=精神疾病越来越收到重视, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=094381772, createdName=ruiw99, createdTime=Sun Oct 10 07:50:21 CST 2021, time=2021-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059009, encodeId=2bef105900969, content=实用型课题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=82ff3922323, createdName=138a8b94m87暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Oct 09 17:26:56 CST 2021, time=2021-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-10-10 hbn1987

    好文章谢谢!

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1835906, encodeId=657118359068e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfdc22e893f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床应用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22789, encryptionId=cfdc22e893f, topicName=临床应用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fc8528, createdName=clmlylxy, createdTime=Fri Mar 25 06:20:48 CST 2022, time=2022-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1722536, encodeId=70ed1e225361f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7ff5549865a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑郁药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54986, encryptionId=7ff5549865a, topicName=抑郁药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=78fa33270286, createdName=wetgdt, createdTime=Sun Jun 19 04:20:48 CST 2022, time=2022-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1071317, encodeId=88bf10e131728, content=非常实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f2625719064, createdName=ms8000000479995024, createdTime=Thu Nov 18 09:32:43 CST 2021, time=2021-11-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059286, encodeId=6f5b10592865e, content=u, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210814/61deb584a399410ca9b720adee4e6850/71825fee35134aee90c3ed9dfe89b69f.jpg, createdBy=3cff5430616, createdName=云舒, createdTime=Sun Oct 10 23:17:30 CST 2021, time=2021-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059150, encodeId=e403105915016, content=好文章谢谢!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bb232390492, createdName=hbn1987, createdTime=Sun Oct 10 11:38:00 CST 2021, time=2021-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059108, encodeId=280510591080a, content=学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210511/e9408422a23545ef9738dd674abfc4ff/c719925083844b82986bc39d43051172.jpg, createdBy=8eb14795142, createdName=与狼共舞, createdTime=Sun Oct 10 07:58:12 CST 2021, time=2021-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059107, encodeId=65df105910e3b, content=精神疾病越来越收到重视, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=094381772, createdName=ruiw99, createdTime=Sun Oct 10 07:50:21 CST 2021, time=2021-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059009, encodeId=2bef105900969, content=实用型课题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=82ff3922323, createdName=138a8b94m87暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Oct 09 17:26:56 CST 2021, time=2021-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-10-10 与狼共舞

    学习学习

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1835906, encodeId=657118359068e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfdc22e893f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床应用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22789, encryptionId=cfdc22e893f, topicName=临床应用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fc8528, createdName=clmlylxy, createdTime=Fri Mar 25 06:20:48 CST 2022, time=2022-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1722536, encodeId=70ed1e225361f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7ff5549865a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑郁药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54986, encryptionId=7ff5549865a, topicName=抑郁药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=78fa33270286, createdName=wetgdt, createdTime=Sun Jun 19 04:20:48 CST 2022, time=2022-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1071317, encodeId=88bf10e131728, content=非常实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f2625719064, createdName=ms8000000479995024, createdTime=Thu Nov 18 09:32:43 CST 2021, time=2021-11-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059286, encodeId=6f5b10592865e, content=u, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210814/61deb584a399410ca9b720adee4e6850/71825fee35134aee90c3ed9dfe89b69f.jpg, createdBy=3cff5430616, createdName=云舒, createdTime=Sun Oct 10 23:17:30 CST 2021, time=2021-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059150, encodeId=e403105915016, content=好文章谢谢!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bb232390492, createdName=hbn1987, createdTime=Sun Oct 10 11:38:00 CST 2021, time=2021-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059108, encodeId=280510591080a, content=学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210511/e9408422a23545ef9738dd674abfc4ff/c719925083844b82986bc39d43051172.jpg, createdBy=8eb14795142, createdName=与狼共舞, createdTime=Sun Oct 10 07:58:12 CST 2021, time=2021-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059107, encodeId=65df105910e3b, content=精神疾病越来越收到重视, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=094381772, createdName=ruiw99, createdTime=Sun Oct 10 07:50:21 CST 2021, time=2021-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059009, encodeId=2bef105900969, content=实用型课题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=82ff3922323, createdName=138a8b94m87暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Oct 09 17:26:56 CST 2021, time=2021-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-10-10 ruiw99

    精神疾病越来越收到重视

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1835906, encodeId=657118359068e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfdc22e893f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床应用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=52, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22789, encryptionId=cfdc22e893f, topicName=临床应用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fc8528, createdName=clmlylxy, createdTime=Fri Mar 25 06:20:48 CST 2022, time=2022-03-25, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1722536, encodeId=70ed1e225361f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7ff5549865a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#抑郁药#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=56, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54986, encryptionId=7ff5549865a, topicName=抑郁药)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=78fa33270286, createdName=wetgdt, createdTime=Sun Jun 19 04:20:48 CST 2022, time=2022-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1071317, encodeId=88bf10e131728, content=非常实用, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f2625719064, createdName=ms8000000479995024, createdTime=Thu Nov 18 09:32:43 CST 2021, time=2021-11-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059286, encodeId=6f5b10592865e, content=u, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=87, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210814/61deb584a399410ca9b720adee4e6850/71825fee35134aee90c3ed9dfe89b69f.jpg, createdBy=3cff5430616, createdName=云舒, createdTime=Sun Oct 10 23:17:30 CST 2021, time=2021-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059150, encodeId=e403105915016, content=好文章谢谢!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=bb232390492, createdName=hbn1987, createdTime=Sun Oct 10 11:38:00 CST 2021, time=2021-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059108, encodeId=280510591080a, content=学习学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=99, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210511/e9408422a23545ef9738dd674abfc4ff/c719925083844b82986bc39d43051172.jpg, createdBy=8eb14795142, createdName=与狼共舞, createdTime=Sun Oct 10 07:58:12 CST 2021, time=2021-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059107, encodeId=65df105910e3b, content=精神疾病越来越收到重视, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=094381772, createdName=ruiw99, createdTime=Sun Oct 10 07:50:21 CST 2021, time=2021-10-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1059009, encodeId=2bef105900969, content=实用型课题, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=82ff3922323, createdName=138a8b94m87暂无昵称, createdTime=Sat Oct 09 17:26:56 CST 2021, time=2021-10-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-10-09 138a8b94m87暂无昵称

    实用型课题

    0

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