Nat Immunol :癌症免疫治疗新靶点——NRP1

2020-07-29 白露 医药魔方

虽然抗PD-1/L1等免疫检查点阻断疗法已经彻底改变了癌症治疗,但只有一小部分癌症患者表现出持久的临床反应。。因此,人们对识别先前存在和获得性免疫耐药机制以及开发新的预防复发的治疗方法非常感兴趣。

虽然抗PD-1/L1等免疫检查点阻断(immune checkpoint blockade,ICB)疗法已经彻底改变了癌症治疗,但只有一小部分(10%–30%)癌症患者表现出持久的临床反应。因此,人们对识别先前存在和获得性免疫耐药机制以及开发新的预防复发的治疗方法非常感兴趣。

UPMC Hillman癌症中心和匹兹堡大学医学院的研究人员在Nature Immunology上发表文章揭示了他们基于小鼠和人类样本研究获得的最新发现:阻断T细胞中一种未经鉴定的免疫检查点NRP1,可以改善免疫治疗,并有助于防止癌症复发。

论文的通讯作者Dario A.A. Vignali博士说:“在改进癌症免疫治疗方面还有很多工作要做,因为目前只有一小部分人受益,甚至在这些人中,我们看到许多肿瘤复发。我们的发现指出了一种重要的新抗肿瘤机制,可以提供持久而长期的肿瘤免疫应答。”

Vignali和同事们发现一种叫做神经纤毛蛋白-1(NRP1)的蛋白质在抑制对癌症的免疫应答中起着重要作用。NRP1最初被发现作为正常胚胎发育、轴突引导和血管形成所必需的神经元和内皮细胞受体,也在参与关键免疫功能的多种免疫细胞类型中表达。NRP1在癌症患者的调节性T细胞中升高,提示其可能是癌症免疫治疗的靶点。然而,NRP1对其他T细胞亚群,特别是CD8+T细胞的功能作用仍不清楚。

论文的第一作者Chang Liu博士说:“已知NRP1存在于其他T细胞表面,我们好奇它是否改变了杀伤性T细胞的功能。我们猜想它的功能可能和其他免疫检查点分子一样,阻断它可以防止肿瘤生长。”

于是,Liu和同事们创造了一种转基因小鼠,只从其杀伤性T细胞表面特异性地去除了NRP1。当将肿瘤细胞移植到这个小鼠模型上时,他们预计会像在阻断其他检查点蛋白时看到的那样,与正常动物相比肿瘤应该不会生长或会生长得更慢。然而相反,他们看不出有什么不同。

“我们有点失望,感觉像走进了死胡同,因为去除NRP1似乎不会影响抗肿瘤免疫,” Liu说,“但是我们没有放弃,而是提出了另一个问题:NRP1是否改变了免疫系统记忆肿瘤的能力?”

他们切除了小鼠的原发肿瘤,等待一段时间,然后在另一个位置再次植入癌细胞,模拟手术病人肿瘤复发。随后,戏剧性的效果出现了:与正常小鼠相比,杀伤性T细胞上NRP1基因缺失的小鼠对继发性肿瘤(包括B16.F10小鼠黑色素瘤等相对“冷”的肿瘤)产生了更好的预防作用,对抗PD1免疫治疗的反应也更积极。

NRP-1限制CD8+T细胞介导的对继发肿瘤的抗肿瘤免疫应答和抗PD1免疫治疗。

进一步的实验表明,NRP1控制着T细胞如何发育和建立免疫记忆的命运。携带NRP1使杀伤性T细胞耗竭,在对抗癌细胞方面(尤其是长期地)变得无效。而去除NRP1能增强T细胞免疫记忆能力,即当再次“看到”肿瘤时,免疫应答更为强烈。

这些在小鼠身上的发现也与从皮肤癌或头颈癌患者血液中分离出的T细胞的研究相关。与早期癌症患者相比,晚期癌症患者的记忆CD8+T细胞亚群的NRP1水平较高,这与记忆T细胞数量、疾病预后效果、对免疫检查点阻断反应性呈负相关。

肿瘤患者NRP1升高与生存率差和免疫检查点阻断治疗应答降低有关。

Vignali表示:“这是了解如何控制抗癌免疫的一个全新领域,并将为促进和增强癌症患者更持久、更长期的抗肿瘤应答提供新的治疗机会。”

目前,针对NRP1的药物(如ASP1948)已经在临床试验中与抗PD-1免疫疗法联合使用,这些临床试验将揭示更多关于免疫记忆在抗癌中的作用。Vignali说:“这就是坚持得到的回报。当最初的假设被证明错误时,我们继续寻找其他的可能性,最后得到了一个重要的新发现。”

综上,该研究发现了一个新的免疫检查点NRP1,它以细胞固有的方式影响肿瘤内CD8+T细胞的发育和功能,并在抗肿瘤免疫应答期间选择性地影响记忆前体的生成。这将NRP1与其他抑制性受体(如PD-1、CTLA4和LAG3,它们主要影响效应T细胞的发育和功能)区分开。

虽然NRP1的缺失并不能增强原发性肿瘤的抗肿瘤应答,但它对继发肿瘤的T细胞记忆的发展有实质性影响。CD8+T细胞NRP1缺失联合免疫检查点阻断治疗确实能提高肿瘤清除率,这提示联合阻断PD-1和NRP1可以使癌症患者获得更持久的全身抗肿瘤免疫和长期缓解。

原始出处:

Chang Liu 1 2, Ashwin Somasundaram 2 3, Sasikanth Manne 4, et al.Neuropilin-1 is a T cell memory checkpoint limiting long-term antitumor immunity.Nat Immunol. 2020 Jul 13. doi: 10.1038/s41590-020-0733-2.

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    2021-04-08 医者仁心
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    2020-07-30 lsndxfj
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    2020-07-29 lovetcm

    靶点成药太难了

    0

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    2020-07-29 lovetcm

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