Nature:科学家首次证实正常的LRRK2基因也会促进帕金森病,90%发病原因不明的患者或许也有救了

2018-08-07 奇点糕 奇点网

近期的《科学转化医学》刊登了匹兹堡大学研究者的新发现——无论是否突变,LRRK2都在帕金森病发展中有关键作用,无突变的特发性帕金森患者也存在LRRK2蛋白过度激活,神经元细胞自噬功能受损,导致α-突触核蛋白的异常积累,参与帕金森疾病发展!

当我们说到神经退行性疾病,除了阿尔茨海默病,就是帕金森了。近年来帕金森发病人数暴涨,可是我们仍然对这种疾病近乎一无所知。

在所有的帕金森病例中,90%的疾病发病原因不明,被称为特发性帕金森(iPD);剩下的10%具有较为明确的遗传基础,表现出家族发病趋势,其中LRRK2错义突变是常染色体显性遗传帕金森病最常见的原因,患者LRRK2蛋白过量表达,这样的病例占了整体病例的3%。

不过实际上我们远远低估了LRRK2在帕金森病中的重要性!近期的《科学转化医学》刊登了匹兹堡大学研究者的新发现——无论是否突变,LRRK2都在帕金森病发展中有关键作用,无突变的特发性帕金森患者也存在LRRK2蛋白过度激活,神经元细胞自噬功能受损,导致α-突触核蛋白的异常积累,参与帕金森疾病发展!

换句话说,无论是否存在LRRK2突变,帕金森患者可能都存在LRRK2蛋白过度活跃的问题,那么LRRK2抑制剂可能是治疗帕金森病的好方法!

LRRK2是目前为止与帕金森关联最大的单个基因,2004年才被研究者发现。研究者认为,最常见的LRRK2错义突变会导致LRRK2蛋白激酶过度活跃,这与帕金森的发病有关。

LRRK2蛋白的作用底物是包含Rab10的一系列蛋白,这些蛋白在维持细胞内运输、自噬等功能上有关键作用,LRRK2则会抑制它们的功能。

不过LRRK2蛋白本身在细胞内表达量很低,如何在细胞精度上检测它的活性是一大难点。

针对这个问题,匹兹堡大学研究者开发了一种新的检测方法。LRRK2蛋白激活条件下,其蛋白序列Ser1292位点会发生磷酸化;另一方面,和14-3-3蛋白结合会降低LRRK2的活性。通过检测这两种信号,研究者就能够间接地测定LRRK2蛋白的活性了。


从上至下:正常细胞/LRRK2突变细胞/LRRK2缺失细胞

用这种方法,研究者检测了7名死于特发性帕金森的患者和8名相应年龄无帕金森死者的大脑。对照组大脑黑质的多巴胺神经元中,Ser1292磷酸化和Rab10水平很低,14-3-3蛋白水平较高,说明对照组脑内LRRK2蛋白活性很低;而帕金森患者脑内Ser1292和Rab10信号分别是6倍和4倍,14-3-3蛋白却只有对照组的五分之一,说明特发性帕金森患者脑内居然也存在LRRK2的过度激活!

LRRK2也在小胶质细胞中表达。同样,来自帕金森患者的小胶质细胞Ser1292信号水平是对照组的2倍。


可见帕金森患者Ser1292、Rab10信号增加,14-3-3信号降低,表示LRRK2活性增加

随后研究者又检测了两种临床常用的帕金森大鼠模型,鱼藤酮导致的线粒体损伤模型和hSNCA基因工程介导的α-突触核蛋白过表达模型。果然,这两种模型鼠脑中均出现了LRRK2的过度激活!


鱼藤酮模型


基因工程模型

那么具体是什么机制激活了LRRK2呢?

在这两种动物模型中,都存在α-突触核蛋白过表达,导致其形成寡聚体和磷酸化,而这两种形式都会损伤线粒体的功能,增加活性氧(ROS)的形成。研究者猜测,很有可能是活性氧激活了LRRK2!

为了验证这个猜测,研究者用过氧化氢处理了正常基因型的细胞,结果显示随着过氧化氢剂量的增加,LRRK2蛋白果然被逐渐激活,而且使用抗氧化剂α-生育酚还可以阻断这种激活作用!

看来就是活性氧的锅了!


过氧化氢导致LRRK2信号增强,抗氧化剂α-生育酚阻断该作用

那么,既然知道了特发性帕金森也存在LRRK2激酶激活的情况,LRRK2激酶抑制剂是不是可以延缓疾病的发展呢?

研究者给鱼藤酮诱导期间的大鼠服用了LRRK2激酶抑制剂PF-360。鱼藤酮显着增加了大鼠脑内的LRRK2激酶活性,PF-360则有效地阻断了这种诱导,而且还阻止了磷酸化α-突触核蛋白的积累!


LRRK2抑制剂阻止了LRRK2激活


LRRK2抑制剂显着减少了α-突触核蛋白的积累

研究者进一步分析了α-突触核蛋白积累的原因,发现大鼠脑内自噬的标志物Lamp1显着降低,这与患者脑内检测的结果是一致的,表明存在自噬功能障碍,这导致神经元不能及时清除大脑“废物”,造成α-突触核蛋白的异常积累。


患者脑内自噬标志物Lamp1显着降低

本研究的通讯作者J.T. Greenamyre博士在采访中说道,“我们的研究结果表明,帕金森病的遗传和环境因素都可以与LRRK2蛋白活性联系起来。这是很重要的,因为正在为少数LRRK2突变患者开发的药物,很可能会让更多患者受益。”

研究者们计划下一步继续探究,是否可以预防由LRRK2过度活跃导致的神经变性,并确定将环境压力因素与LRRK2激活联系起来的机制。

去年年底,第一个LRRK2抑制剂1期临床结束,试验结果喜人。期盼研究者快快搞清LRRK2的角色定位,或许多年不见进展的帕金森病,很快就要迎来新疗法了~

原始出处:Daniel T. Montoro, Adam L. Haber, Moshe Biton, et al. A revised airway epithelial hierarchy includes CFTR-expressing ionocytes. Nature (2018) 

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    2019-05-27 liye789132251
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    2018-08-08 kafei

    学习了谢谢

    0

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    2018-08-07 坚强007

    向科研者致敬!!!

    0

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    2018-08-07 zb1235672

    学习了!!!

    0

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    2018-08-07 易水河

    知之为知之

    0

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