三阴性乳腺癌只能化疗?这些治疗手段指日可待

2018-08-17 光亚 医学界肿瘤频道

三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC),医生听闻这个诊断,几乎都会皱眉,相比其他亚型,它的治疗手段较少,化疗是唯一有效的治疗方式。这种特殊亚型,因雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)和人类表皮生长因子受体(HER2)这三个靶点均为阴性表达,让医生无从下手。雪上加霜的是,三阴性乳腺癌占所有乳腺癌的10%-16%,发病年龄较非TNBC小,局部复发和远处转移快,死亡率高,目前无针对TNBC的系统的治疗指南,没

三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC),医生听闻这个诊断,几乎都会皱眉,相比其他亚型,它的治疗手段较少,化疗是唯一有效的治疗方式。

这种特殊亚型,因雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)和人类表皮生长因子受体(HER2)这三个靶点均为阴性表达,让医生无从下手。

雪上加霜的是,三阴性乳腺癌占所有乳腺癌的10%-16%,发病年龄较非TNBC小,局部复发和远处转移快,死亡率高,目前无针对TNBC的系统的治疗指南,没有个体化治疗方案,哪种药物对三阴性乳腺癌反应较敏感也尚不清楚……

三阴性乳腺癌这么遭人“恨”,难道真就没人“整治”得了它?

靶向药使用,可能不远了

1. PARP抑制剂

2017年美国临床肿瘤学会(ASCO)上,宾州大学阿博拉姆逊癌症中心一项III期临床试验显示,一种叫奥拉帕尼的靶向药在治疗HER2阴性转移性乳腺癌和BRCA突变乳腺癌上,效益明显优于标准化疗,能更好改善这类患者无进展生存期。研究者认为,奥拉帕尼或许能用于BRCA突变以及三阴性乳腺癌患者。

“的确,这一药物有希望成三阴性乳腺癌新的治疗手段。”天津医科大学肿瘤医院张瑾教授说,事实上,奥拉帕尼已在中国上市,但获批适应证是卵巢癌

别急,奥拉帕尼针对BRCA1突变的三阴性乳腺癌的Ⅲ期多中心试验已在国内开展,天津医科大学肿瘤医院是这项研究的参与中心之一,目前已完成患者纳入,正在随访阶段。

张瑾教授说,目前随访中的是将奥拉帕尼用于晚期三阴性乳腺癌一线治疗,即复发或转移三阴性乳腺癌;对于三阴性乳腺癌术后辅助治疗,是否能够联合或序贯奥拉帕尼,延长无病生存期,也在临床研究中。

2. AKT抑制剂

三阴性乳腺癌中,PI3K/AKT信号通路常因PIK3CA或AKTI突变和PENTI-3的改变而激活,且三阴性乳腺癌常伴有PTEN的缺失,并且与AKT通路激活高度相关。研究者于是尝试应用AKT抑制剂。

2018年ASCO报道了这项研究:将AZD5363(Capivasertib)联合紫杉醇对照安慰剂联合紫杉醇一线治疗转移性三阴性乳腺癌。

这是项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照Ⅱ期临床试验(PAKT研究),结论认为:Capivasertib以往用于不加选择的癌症患者(如晚期乳腺癌、肺癌、前列腺癌、IBD%E8%AF%8A%E6%B2%BB%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0-Part%203" target="_blank">胃癌等),治疗疗效并不理想。如果结合基因突变,疗效会显着提高。

另一项是:Ipatasertib联合紫杉醇一线治疗局部晚期或转移性三阴性乳腺癌患者,是随机、双盲、安慰剂对照Ⅱ期临床研究。

Ipatasertib是一种高选择性的pan-AkT抑制剂,靶向作用于AkT1/2/3。该研究早在2017年《Lancet Oncol》上报告了主要研究终点无进展生存期(PFS)结果:

中位PFS分别为6.2和4.9个月。

本次报告Ipatasertib组总生存期(OS)显着高于紫杉醇组(23.1月vs. 18.4月),支持了正在进行的Ⅲ期临床试验。

AKT抑制剂处于早期研发阶段,目前没有正式批准应用于临床,但数据令人鼓舞。

期待完靶向药物,在来看看这些年很火的免疫抑制剂,它会是突破三阴性乳腺癌治疗的下个可能性吗?

2018 ASCO:TNBC研究中的免疫抑制剂说明了什么?

免疫抑制剂国外上市了不少,今年中国也批准了首个免疫抑制剂,针对肺癌。免疫肿瘤治疗势不可挡的进入中国肺癌治疗了,乳腺癌的还能遥远?

今年ASCO关于三阴性乳腺癌的报告,免疫抑制剂风头正劲。一些免疫检查点抑制剂在晚期及早期三阴性乳腺癌中,联合化疗时PD-1/L1抗体应答率更高。例如:

来自德国,一项随机、Ⅱ期研究显示,在原发性三阴性乳腺癌新辅助治疗中增加Durvalumab(一种免疫抑制剂)可以数值上提高病理完全缓解(pCR)率(53% vs 44%),但是pCR率在预设的亚组中显着较高。(Durvalumab用于三阴性乳腺癌的IM亚型)。

Durvalumab是PD-L1抗体,在膀胱癌和肺癌中显示出较好疗效。这项研究是探索在三阴性乳腺癌的紫衫-蒽环化疗方案基础上联合Durvalumab的新辅助治疗,研究共入组174例三阴性乳腺癌患者,以肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞(低/中/高)分层。研究结论中,pCR率在以下预设的亚组中显着较高:

(1)在化疗前运用Durvalumab的患者(61.0% vs 41.4%);

(2)Ⅱa期以及更高分期的TNBC患者(55.4% vs 38.6%);

(3)小于40岁的患者(69.2% vs 42.9%)。

另外,增加Durvalumab后患者耐受性良好。研究者认为,加入Durvalumab的新辅助治疗可能会带来获益,进一步研究还需要继续。

另一研究是Durvalumab联合白蛋白紫杉醇序贯剂量密集阿霉素和环磷酰胺新辅助治疗三阴性乳腺癌。Ⅰ期研究中未发现剂量限制毒性,推荐Ⅱ期研究剂量为10mg/kg。

结论显示:Durvalumab(10mg/kg,q2w)+np序贯ddAC方案是可耐受的;中期分析中,pCR率达到60%,相当于SWOG S0800研究中单用nP序贯ddAC方案的pCR率两倍。

不过这是一项单臂研究,未与单用化疗(np-ddAC)进行头对头比较,仍需后续更多研究证实本研究结果。

化疗必须好好利用

新药值得期待,但时下化疗仍是目前唯一有效的治疗方式,还得在可用药物上做足功课。

临床一般按预后差的乳腺癌的常规治疗方案治疗三阴性乳腺癌,术前新辅助化疗多采用紫杉类和蒽环类方案,术后辅助化疗多采用蒽环类方案。

《中国抗癌协会乳腺癌诊治指南与规范(2017版)》提示,三阴性乳腺癌优选化疗方案是含紫衫和蒽环的剂量密度方案;复发转移的晚期三阴性乳腺癌,指南称可选择吉西他滨加卡铂或顺铂。

多数三阴性乳腺癌存在BRCA1缺失或变异,对能破坏DNA结构的药物极其敏感,例如烷化剂、丝裂霉素C、铂类药物、足叶乙甙、博来霉素。所以治疗BRCA1相关肿瘤的方法也适合于乳腺癌BRCA1功能失活或缺失者。

这些临床经验或对患者有利

三阴性乳腺癌难应对,生物学特性想必很特殊,个体化很大程度基于丰富的临床经验。

张瑾教授分享了几点经验:

三阴性乳腺癌淋巴结阳性率高,它的患者在肿块较小时就可出现高的淋巴结转移率。

天津医科大学肿瘤医院的研究显示,三阴性乳腺癌预后与年龄、家族史、肿瘤大小和腋窝淋巴结状态有关,提示发病年龄小、原发肿瘤大、有乳腺癌家族史、腋窝淋巴结阳性者预后更差,其中腋窝淋巴结和肿瘤大小是它独立预后因素。

复发和转移时间有特点。三阴性乳腺癌会更早期出现复发转移,但若度过第一个5年,之后包括5-10年乃至10年后的复发风险与其他类型可能是一致的。

Dent等报道在5年随访中,三阴性乳腺癌的远处转移率显着高于非三阴性乳腺癌(33.9% vs 22.4%),2年内发生远处转移的风险逐渐上升,在2-3年内出现高峰,之后迅速降低,5年时风险较低,8年后未发现远处转移。

因生物学行为不同、癌细胞归巢特点不同,三阴性乳腺癌转移靶点较特殊,更多出现的是脑转移、内脏转移。非三阴性乳腺癌更多见的是骨转移和软组织转移。

随访上有差异。脑组织不是多发转移部位,不是乳腺癌随访必检器官,但对三阴性乳腺癌,可能在随访中增加脑部器官影像学检测,以便早期发现。各类型乳腺癌随访流程和时间周期没有差异。

放疗方面。腋窝淋巴结转移情况、肿块大小、分子分型是放疗参考指征。三阴乳腺癌对放射线敏感程度较高,经评估无法完全确认是否放疗时,如果属于三阴性乳腺癌,可能会选择放疗。

如不伴有淋巴管癌栓的1-3个淋巴结转移、受体阳性、局限于外侧组的患者,可以不行放疗;

相反有1-3个淋巴结转移伴有高增值指数、ki67高、肿块相对大,通常会放疗。

“三阴性乳腺癌是一个类型,而不是某个分子分型,这是现在学界普遍认为的。想要出奇制胜,只有精准化,这需要对它基因组学、分子分型、分子标志物等方面再进一步探索。”

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    2018-08-28 DDDAN

    学习了~?

    0

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    2018-08-19 liumin1987

    乳腺癌的治疗。

    0

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    2018-08-19 xlysu
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    2018-08-18 清风拂面

    谢谢分享学习

    0

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    2018-08-18 医者仁心5538

    希望能有更大突破

    0

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    2018-08-18 kafei

    学习了谢谢

    0

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重磅!恒瑞1.1类乳腺癌新药吡咯替尼获批,凭借2期研究获SDA优先审批上市

今日,业内传来重磅新药上市消息,江苏恒瑞医药宣布,其自主研发的1.1类新药吡咯替尼(商品名:艾瑞妮?)凭借2期临床研究获国家药品监督管理局(下称“SDA”)优先审批上市,目前状态为审批完成,待制证。

J Clin Oncol:激素治疗可导致乳腺癌幸存者患糖尿病风险增加?

2018年7月,发表于《J Clin Oncol》上的一项病例队列研究,考察了激素治疗对乳腺癌幸存者患糖尿病风险的影响。

NEJM:talazoparib治疗BRCA 1/2突变阳性乳腺癌

研究认为,talazoparib单药治疗可显著改善晚期种系(遗传获得)BRCA 1/2突变阳性乳腺癌患者疾病症状,延长患者无进展生存期