冠心病PCI术后并发症的风险与对策

2018-11-30 佚名 中华医学信息导报

近年来,冠脉介入(PCI)技术的成熟和广泛应用,降低了冠心病的死亡率,但同时存在着冠状动脉的再狭窄的可能。

近年来,冠脉介入(PCI)技术的成熟和广泛应用,降低了冠心病的死亡率,但同时存在着冠状动脉的再狭窄的可能。

冠心病PCI术后存在的风险?

冠脉介入治疗(PCI)是治疗冠心病,尤其是急性冠脉综合症的重要手段,具有非常好的效果。几年来我国PCI总例数逐年增长,总体效果越来越理想,越来越规范,并发症也越来越少。PCI患者术后的风险主要决定于以下几个方面。

(1)合并症多少。患者病情越复杂,共存的危险因素越多风险越大。如果患者本身存在脑血管畸形或脑血管瘤,那么发生脑出血的几率就大幅增加,死亡风险增高。如果患者存在消化道溃疡,发生消化道出血的风险就高。如果患者存在慢性肾脏疾病,发生肾功能衰竭的机会就明显增加。超高龄患者易患有多种疾病,术后风险较高。所以认真做好术前评估,非常重要。

(2)患者本身血管条件。假如患者血管纤细,血管弥漫硬化,病变部位关键如做主干分叉,需要植入多个支架,血管弯曲,血管钙化,慢性闭塞病变等,都是发生术后支架内血栓的独立危险因素。血管条件越差,术后风险越高。

(3)支架放置效果。这可能和术者关系更大。术者的经验,治疗策略正确与否,支架直径长短选择合适与否,术式恰当与否,支架释放是否充分,贴壁好坏都是影响预后的因素。

血栓栓塞性风险对冠心病患者预后的影响?

支架内血栓形成是PCI术后主要死亡原因之一。以术后30天为分界线,大体可以分为早发和迟发支架内血栓两大类。前者和PCI手术的关联性更大,可能和支架选择是否合适,支架放置效果是否理想,靶血管的损伤程度尤其是支架的近端远端有无损伤或残余狭窄,血流情况,心脏功能好坏等等因素有关。充分的围术期抗血小板治疗是预防PCI术后血栓的重中之重,所以支架术后的抗血小板治疗策略甚为关键,一定要根据每个患者的具体情况制定合理的抗血小板治疗方案,在充分评估患者的血栓风险和出血风险的基础上,制定恰当的双联抗血小板治疗。2017ESC DAPT指南临床个体化抗血小板治疗提供了可靠的依据,很值得临床推广应用。临床上常用的抗血小板药物主要包括血栓素A2 ( TXA2 )抑制剂阿司匹林、P2Y12受体拮抗剂包括噻吩吡啶(氯吡格雷、普拉格雷)和非噻吩吡啶类(替格瑞洛)以及糖蛋白lI b/Ⅲa受体抑制剂(阿西单)这些药物,是一个优秀PCI术者的基本功。

吲哚布芬的有效性与华法林相当,但出血风险较华法林低。吲哚布芬在防治血栓方面的安全优势?

不断出现的新型抗血小板药物为PCI术后抗血小板治疗提供了更多的的选择。抗血小板新药吲哚布芬(Indobufen)是新一代强效抗血小板聚集药物,能选择地作用于循环的血小板,阻断血栓形成。吲哚布芬可减少血栓烷素A2 ( TXA2 )的生成,几乎不影响肠前列腺素合成。吲哚布芬对由血小板聚集活化剂引起的血小板聚集呈现出可逆性的和剂量依耐性的抑制作用 。吲哚布芬对血小板活化有抑制作用。该药已广泛用于各种心脑血管疾病作抗血小板疗法,包括缺血性心脏病,脑和外周血管疾病 、糖尿病性微血管疾病,以及深静脉血栓形成(预防复发)等。也可用于体外循环时预防血栓形成,也可预防非风湿房颤患者的脑栓塞事件。临床研究表明,与大剂量的阿司匹林和噻氯匹定比较,吲哚布芬的耐受性更好,毒副作用少。对于合并房颤的PCI患者,吲哚布芬由于其抗血小板抗凝的双重作用,或许具有更大的优势。

有研究表明,吲哚布芬在非瓣膜性房颤患者心源性脑栓塞二级预防中的疗效与华法林差异无统计学意义,对凝血指标无明显影响 , 不需要频繁测 INR ;皮肤、内脏的出血发生率明显低于华法林组,吲哚布芬在治疗安全方面优于华法林。吲哚布芬是一种血小板聚集可逆抑制剂 , 可逆性抑制血小板血栓烷素的生成 , 给药 2 h 血栓烷素的生成抑制率达98.0% , 12 h 抑制率 89.0% , 24 h 抑制率 47.0% ;吲哚布芬抑制血小板的聚集 , 口服吲哚布芬 200 mg 2 h 对血小板聚集的抑制作用最大, 但 24 h 这种作用完全消失。对于需要手术的患者停药1 d后, 血小板聚集功能恢复, 更为方便和临床实用性。

李拥军教授,河北医科大学第二医院 副院长,享受国务院特殊津贴专家,FACC美国心脏学会会员,FESC欧洲心脏学会会员,FSCAI美国心血管造影与介入治疗分会会员,中华医学会心血管病分会介入学组委员,海协会心脏康复分会副主任委员,中西医结合学会心血管专业副主任委员,中国老年学会心脑血管专业常委,中国医促会心血管专委会常委,中国医促会胸痛分会常委,河北省医学会心血管病分会候任主任委员,河北省医学会心脏起搏电生理分会候任主任委员,国家自然科学基金面上项目主持人

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    2019-11-07 zxl736
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    2019-05-16 丁鹏鹏
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    2018-11-30 天地飞扬

    了解一下,谢谢分享!

    0

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