新英格兰:**剂阿斯利康疫苗接种后产生血小板因子4抗体导致血栓形成

2021-04-19 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

血小板减少和静脉血栓形成综合征似乎是由接受第一剂ChAdOx1新型冠状病毒-19疫苗触发的。

接种SARS-CoV-2疫苗是控制Covid-19大流行的主要手段。在一年内,已经开发了几种疫苗,并交付了数百万剂疫苗。不良事件报告是一项关键的上市后活动。从Covid-19大流行开始到2021年3月,全球共记录了超过1.268亿例病例和270万例死亡。针对严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型(SARS-CoV-2)的疫苗以前所未有的速度获得许可并在全球范围内使用。疫苗的推广情况参差不齐,但在一些国家,已经实现了非常高的覆盖率。在色列900万人口中有一半以上已经接受了第二针;英国2500多万人至少接受了一剂。由于疫苗被如此广泛和迅速地接受,应该记录安全信号。

最近报道了与使用ChAdOx1新型冠状病毒-19疫苗(阿斯利康)有关的一个特别值得关注的安全信号,涉及异常的临床凝血异常,特别是脑静脉血栓形成和血小板减少,在某些病例中导致死亡。英国药品和保健产品监管局(MHRA)和欧洲药品管理局(EMA)对与SARS-CoV-2疫苗相关的静脉血栓栓塞风险进行了密集审查。在他们的初步审查后,这两个机构确认与疫苗相关的静脉血栓栓塞的风险不高于普通人群中的背景风险,并强调了SARS-CoV-2疫苗的绝对有利的风险-效益比。然而,尽管因果关系尚未得到证实,他们已经承认,SARS-CoV-2疫苗可能与血栓形成相关的罕见但严重的不良事件有关,主要是脑静脉血栓形成和血小板减少。为了更好地了解所描述的临床综合症,Marie Scully等进行了一项研究,并发现了一种与呈现相关的新的潜在机制。基于临床特征和随后的实验室检查结果,提出了一种改变的治疗方法,并对出现这种罕见综合征的患者的评估提供指导。

该研究报告了23例首次接种ChAdOx1nCoV-19疫苗(阿斯利康)后6~24天出现血栓形成和血小板减少的患者。根据它们的临床和实验室特征,确定了一种新的潜在机制,并阐释了其治疗意义。在无血栓病史的情况下,22例患者出现急性血小板减少和血栓形成,主要为脑静脉血栓形成,1例患者表现为单纯性血小板减少和出血性表型。所有患者在发病时纤维蛋白原水平降低或正常,d-二聚体水平升高。没有发现亲血栓或致病沉淀物的证据。血小板因子4(PF4)抗体检测阳性22例(1例可疑),阴性1例。根据在这些患者中观察到的病理生理特征,建议避免使用血小板输注治疗,因为血栓症状有恶化的风险,并建议首次出现这些症状时应考虑使用非肝素抗凝剂和静脉免疫球蛋白。

接种SARS-CoV-2疫苗仍是控制新冠肺炎流行的关键。在接种ChAdOx1nCoV-19疫苗后,可能会发生与肝素治疗无关的致病性PF4依赖综合征。快速识别这种罕见的综合征很重要,因为它具有治疗意义。

图示为功能性肝素诱导的血小板减少(HIT)检测结果的流式细胞术分析。确诊为HIT的对照组患者的血清样本(图a)和来自纳入研究的患者的血清样本(图B)。

针对接种后5 - 30天出现血栓和血小板减少症患者的检测和治疗建议的算法。

 

在迄今报告的所有病例中,这种血小板减少和静脉血栓形成综合征似乎是由接受第一剂ChAdOx1新型冠状病毒-19疫苗触发的。虽然有一些其他SARS-CoV-2疫苗的接种后符合这个症状的临床综合症患者的报道,但没有被确认符合诊断标准,特别是出现血小板减少,血栓形成,肺动脉栓塞、很高水平D-二聚体、低或正常的纤维蛋白原水平。此外,在以色列,已经向400多万人提供了两剂BNT162b2疫苗(辉瑞生物科技公司),没有报告出现这种罕见综合症的病例。虽然自然SARS-CoV-2感染与血栓栓塞现象有关,但这些事件不同于该研究中描述的特定综合征。

Covid-19的风险仍然是全球公共卫生的一个重要考虑因素,接种SARS-CoV-2疫苗提供了关键的保护,当将不良临床事件与疫苗接种联系起来时,有确定偏差的重大风险;然而,该项研究中描述的综合征具有特殊的临床和实验室特征,此前没有任何一位血液学家或神经学家作者观察到。正在进行的数据收集和研究有助于确定与肝素治疗无关的病态血小板-激活的抗pf4抗体的发展是否以及如何与SARS-CoV-2疫苗接种相关。

原文出处:

Scully Marie,Singh Deepak,Lown Robert et al. Pathologic Antibodies to Platelet Factor 4 after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination.[J] .N Engl J Med, 2021, undefined: undefined.

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    2021-04-20 zy&kt

    可能是所有腺病毒载体疫苗共有的副作用。

    0

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    2021-04-20 wu3170536

    这个需要特别注意

    0

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    2021-04-20 ZJYYY7

    哦哦哦哦哦哦

    0

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    2021-04-19 随梦飞扬

    ChAdOx1nCoV-19疫苗(阿斯利康)后6~24天出现血栓形成和血小板减少的患者。

    0

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