Cardiovasc Diabetol:除低密度脂蛋白胆固醇外的残余胆固醇在糖尿病中的作用

2022-07-12 从医路漫漫 MedSci原创

残留胆固醇(RC)是TRL的胆固醇含量,由极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)、中等密度脂蛋白(IDL)和乳糜粒残留组成。尽管临床上可将血浆甘油三酯作为TRLS或RC的替代指标,但它们代表不同的血脂紊乱

背景:糖尿病(DM)是一种以糖代谢缺陷引起的持续性高血糖为特征的代谢紊乱。根据国际糖尿病联合会的数据,2021年全球有5.366亿21-79岁的人患有糖尿病。随着全球经济的快速发展和饮食的变化,糖尿病的高发病率和高残疾已成为一个重大的公共卫生问题,已达到令人震惊的水平。以前的研究表明,血脂异常出现在糖尿病的早期阶段,并在整个病程中继续参与疾病的进展。在各种脂蛋白中,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)无疑是最重要的一种。然而,随着近年来他汀类药物的广泛使用,我们将注意力转移到富含甘油三酯(TG)的脂蛋白(TRL)上,这是他汀类药物无法控制的糖尿病血脂异常的标志之一。近年来,越来越多的证据表明TRL与糖尿病的发病有关。分子脂分析显示,在高危人群中,血浆甘油三酯水平是与糖尿病相关的唯一变量,高脂饮食增加肝脏中甘油三酯的合成,降低相对高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDLC),并加速糖尿病的发[9]。在人群队列研究中,较高的甘油三酯相关指标与独立于胰岛素抵抗的糖尿病相关,强调了TRL在糖尿病发展中的重要性。残留胆固醇(RC)是TRL的胆固醇含量,由极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)、中等密度脂蛋白(IDL)和乳糜粒残留组成。尽管临床上可将血浆甘油三酯作为TRLS或RC的替代指标,但它们代表不同的血脂紊乱。事实上,RC本质上是一种胆固醇性质。与甘油三酯相比,TRL中的胆固醇含量对心血管疾病(CVD)的直接贡献更大,因此,近年来RC在血脂管理中受到重视。RC比低密度脂蛋白颗粒更丰富、更大,携带更多的胆固醇,因此可以推断RC对胰腺β细胞更有害;此外,与低密度脂蛋白不同,TRL通过炎症途径发挥其致病作用。流行病学证据表明,较高的RC水平不仅与糖尿病的发展显著相关,而且还导致高血压等共病。近年来,在最佳低密度脂蛋白胆固醇被提出作为一级预防的观点后,高水平的RC被提出作为残留风险的解释的一部分。有趣的是,随着研究的继续,RC和心血管疾病之间的联系似乎超越了低密度脂蛋,引入了一个新的不协调/协调的低密度脂蛋白-C和RC的观点。特别是在糖尿病患病率日益增加的背景下,调查低密度脂蛋白-C和红细胞压积的不一致性/一致性将变得越来越重要,因为两者在糖尿病患者中都在上升。根据预防肾脏和血管终末期疾病(PREVEND)研究,特定的TRL和低密度脂蛋白-C颗粒与糖尿病有关,但不协调/协调的低密度脂蛋白-C与RC和DM之间的关联需要进一步阐明。

目的:我国糖尿病患病率居世界各国首位,并继续呈逐年上升趋势,这与经济的快速发展和饮食结构的变化密切相关。在同一时期,肥胖和血脂异常的患病率显著增加。低密度脂蛋白-C和RC不一致性/一致性的不同预后结果促使进一步探索高危人群和这一现象的潜在机制。在这项研究中,我们的目的是基于中国健康与营养调查,确定不协调/协调的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和RC与糖尿病的关系,并探索胰岛素抵抗和炎症是否介导了这种关系。

方法:我们从中国健康与营养调查中招募了7308名无糖尿病病史的受试者作为研究对象。用总胆固醇减去低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇计算空腹RC。受试者根据低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(100 mg/dL)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(24 mg/dL)水平分为4组,比较低密度脂蛋白胆固醇与低密度脂蛋白胆固醇在糖尿病发病中的作用。然后用Logistic回归分析不协调/协调的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇与RC和DM的关系。进行了调解分析,以确定潜在的调解人。

结果:在所有参与者中,共有625例(8.55%)患者是新诊断的糖尿病患者。与高LDL-C/低RC组相比,低LDL-C/高RC组在DM患者中更常见。经多因素调整后,LDL-C和RC升高与DM相关。此外,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇/高RC组和高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇/低RC组与低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇/低RC组相比,患糖尿病的风险分别高4.04倍(95%CI 2.93~5.56)和1.61倍(95%CI 1.21~2.15)。亚组分析显示,低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇/高RC与女性DM有更大的相关性。当对不同的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇临床切点进行敏感性分析时,也显示出类似的结果。胰岛素抵抗和炎症部分介导了RC和DM之间的关联。

图1不协调/协调组低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和红细胞压积的分布。A不同低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和RC水平的框图。B不协调/协调组的相对比例。第1~4组分别代表低LDL-C/低RC组、低LDL-C/高RC组、高LDL-C/低RC组和高LDL-C/高RC组。低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇,RC残余胆固醇

图2低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(2.60 mmoL/L)和红细胞压积(0.62 mmoL/L)的不协调/不协调与DM的关系。A糖尿病和非糖尿病人群中不和谐/不和谐人群的比例。根据LDL-C和RC的不一致性/一致性计算DM的优势比(95%CI)。模型根据年龄、性别、BMI、教育程度、吸烟、饮酒和慢性肾脏疾病进行了调整。糖尿病、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、RC残余胆固醇、OR优势比、CI可信区间

图3 RC和DM之间的关联的中介分析。残余胆固醇,糖尿病,胰岛素抵抗的HOMA-IR稳态模型评估,超敏C反应蛋白,WBC白细胞

结论:我们的研究结果为糖尿病与低密度脂蛋白相关之外的RC提供了证据,这可能是通过胰岛素抵抗和促炎状态来调节的。此外,女性更容易患上与RC暴露相关的DM。

原文出处:  Hu X,  Liu Q,  Guo X,et al.The role of remnant cholesterol beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in diabetes mellitus.Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022 Jun 27;21(1)

 

 

版权声明:
本网站所有内容来源注明为“梅斯医学”或“MedSci原创”的文字、图片和音视频资料,版权均属于梅斯医学所有。非经授权,任何媒体、网站或个人不得转载,授权转载时须注明来源为“梅斯医学”。其它来源的文章系转载文章,或“梅斯号”自媒体发布的文章,仅系出于传递更多信息之目的,本站仅负责审核内容合规,其内容不代表本站立场,本站不负责内容的准确性和版权。如果存在侵权、或不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系,我们将立即进行删除处理。
在此留言
评论区 (5)
#插入话题
  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1939458, encodeId=bc9f193945838, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1c292818fd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ASC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2818, encryptionId=1c292818fd, topicName=ASC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=74808, createdName=quxin068, createdTime=Sun Apr 09 22:19:21 CST 2023, time=2023-04-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1761972, encodeId=9d071e61972b0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9bea33520d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3352, encryptionId=9bea33520d, topicName=BET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=docwu2019, createdTime=Mon Feb 20 23:19:21 CST 2023, time=2023-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1640200, encodeId=2d0a16402005c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=afda591646' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5916, encryptionId=afda591646, topicName=DIA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=987022654425, createdName=ms9608593228839890, createdTime=Thu Jan 12 15:19:21 CST 2023, time=2023-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1253826, encodeId=1e311253826e1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=658d634305b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#残余胆固醇#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63430, encryptionId=658d634305b, topicName=残余胆固醇)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Tue Jul 12 14:19:21 CST 2022, time=2022-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1424843, encodeId=f3e814248431a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5a3b8441438' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脂蛋白#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84414, encryptionId=5a3b8441438, topicName=脂蛋白)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=23ea3924919, createdName=juliusluan79, createdTime=Tue Jul 12 14:19:21 CST 2022, time=2022-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2023-04-09 quxin068
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1939458, encodeId=bc9f193945838, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1c292818fd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ASC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2818, encryptionId=1c292818fd, topicName=ASC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=74808, createdName=quxin068, createdTime=Sun Apr 09 22:19:21 CST 2023, time=2023-04-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1761972, encodeId=9d071e61972b0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9bea33520d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3352, encryptionId=9bea33520d, topicName=BET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=docwu2019, createdTime=Mon Feb 20 23:19:21 CST 2023, time=2023-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1640200, encodeId=2d0a16402005c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=afda591646' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5916, encryptionId=afda591646, topicName=DIA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=987022654425, createdName=ms9608593228839890, createdTime=Thu Jan 12 15:19:21 CST 2023, time=2023-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1253826, encodeId=1e311253826e1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=658d634305b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#残余胆固醇#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63430, encryptionId=658d634305b, topicName=残余胆固醇)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Tue Jul 12 14:19:21 CST 2022, time=2022-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1424843, encodeId=f3e814248431a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5a3b8441438' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脂蛋白#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84414, encryptionId=5a3b8441438, topicName=脂蛋白)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=23ea3924919, createdName=juliusluan79, createdTime=Tue Jul 12 14:19:21 CST 2022, time=2022-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2023-02-20 docwu2019
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1939458, encodeId=bc9f193945838, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1c292818fd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ASC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2818, encryptionId=1c292818fd, topicName=ASC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=74808, createdName=quxin068, createdTime=Sun Apr 09 22:19:21 CST 2023, time=2023-04-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1761972, encodeId=9d071e61972b0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9bea33520d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3352, encryptionId=9bea33520d, topicName=BET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=docwu2019, createdTime=Mon Feb 20 23:19:21 CST 2023, time=2023-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1640200, encodeId=2d0a16402005c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=afda591646' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5916, encryptionId=afda591646, topicName=DIA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=987022654425, createdName=ms9608593228839890, createdTime=Thu Jan 12 15:19:21 CST 2023, time=2023-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1253826, encodeId=1e311253826e1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=658d634305b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#残余胆固醇#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63430, encryptionId=658d634305b, topicName=残余胆固醇)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Tue Jul 12 14:19:21 CST 2022, time=2022-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1424843, encodeId=f3e814248431a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5a3b8441438' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脂蛋白#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84414, encryptionId=5a3b8441438, topicName=脂蛋白)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=23ea3924919, createdName=juliusluan79, createdTime=Tue Jul 12 14:19:21 CST 2022, time=2022-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1939458, encodeId=bc9f193945838, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1c292818fd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ASC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2818, encryptionId=1c292818fd, topicName=ASC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=74808, createdName=quxin068, createdTime=Sun Apr 09 22:19:21 CST 2023, time=2023-04-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1761972, encodeId=9d071e61972b0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9bea33520d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3352, encryptionId=9bea33520d, topicName=BET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=docwu2019, createdTime=Mon Feb 20 23:19:21 CST 2023, time=2023-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1640200, encodeId=2d0a16402005c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=afda591646' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5916, encryptionId=afda591646, topicName=DIA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=987022654425, createdName=ms9608593228839890, createdTime=Thu Jan 12 15:19:21 CST 2023, time=2023-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1253826, encodeId=1e311253826e1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=658d634305b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#残余胆固醇#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63430, encryptionId=658d634305b, topicName=残余胆固醇)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Tue Jul 12 14:19:21 CST 2022, time=2022-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1424843, encodeId=f3e814248431a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5a3b8441438' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脂蛋白#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84414, encryptionId=5a3b8441438, topicName=脂蛋白)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=23ea3924919, createdName=juliusluan79, createdTime=Tue Jul 12 14:19:21 CST 2022, time=2022-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1939458, encodeId=bc9f193945838, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=1c292818fd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ASC#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2818, encryptionId=1c292818fd, topicName=ASC)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=74808, createdName=quxin068, createdTime=Sun Apr 09 22:19:21 CST 2023, time=2023-04-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1761972, encodeId=9d071e61972b0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9bea33520d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#BET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=3352, encryptionId=9bea33520d, topicName=BET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a12645, createdName=docwu2019, createdTime=Mon Feb 20 23:19:21 CST 2023, time=2023-02-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1640200, encodeId=2d0a16402005c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=afda591646' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#DIA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5916, encryptionId=afda591646, topicName=DIA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=987022654425, createdName=ms9608593228839890, createdTime=Thu Jan 12 15:19:21 CST 2023, time=2023-01-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1253826, encodeId=1e311253826e1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=658d634305b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#残余胆固醇#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=48, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=63430, encryptionId=658d634305b, topicName=残余胆固醇)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Tue Jul 12 14:19:21 CST 2022, time=2022-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1424843, encodeId=f3e814248431a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5a3b8441438' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#脂蛋白#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84414, encryptionId=5a3b8441438, topicName=脂蛋白)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=23ea3924919, createdName=juliusluan79, createdTime=Tue Jul 12 14:19:21 CST 2022, time=2022-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]

相关资讯

Cardiovasc Diabetol :糖尿病-心-肾疾病的流行病学:一项140万成人的横断面研究

2型糖尿病会导致心力衰竭和慢性肾病,心力衰竭会导致肾功能下降,反之亦然,是心肾综合征的一部分。

Comput Intell Neurosci:过敏性鼻炎伴糖尿病患者中,富马酸鲁帕他定联合穴位敷贴的疗效和安全性如何?

调查了富马酸鲁帕他定联合穴位贴敷治疗过敏性鼻炎并发糖尿病患者的效果及其对血清IgE水平的影响。

胰岛素集采全面落地!平均降价48%,现在每支只要79元

7月4日,上海医药阳光采购网发布《关于本市做好第六批国家组织药品集中采购(胰岛素专项)有关工作的通知》,宣布上海自即日起执行第六批国家集采(胰岛素专项)中选结果。至此,全国均已落地实施胰岛素集采。

Cancers:胰岛素治疗对1型和2型糖尿病癌症发病率的影响

糖尿病和癌症之间的关系是直接的还是通过生物机制介导的,如胰岛素抵抗和高胰岛素血症,或者它与常见的风险因素相关,如肥胖和代谢综合征,仍然不清楚。

只要开始永不嫌晚!确诊2型糖尿病后才开始运动+戒烟,心血管疾病风险仍显著下降46%!

Sci Rep:新发2型糖尿病后开始运动和戒烟对死亡风险和心血管结局的影响