Nature:历时八年,袁钧瑛团队为治疗人类神经退行性疾病提供了新方向

2020-09-24 小柯 Bio生物世界

神经退行性疾病是影响人类身体健康的重大疾病,但目前还没有有效的干预措施。神经退行性疾病(ND),例如阿尔兹海默症(AD)和渐冻症(ALS)。

神经退行性疾病是影响人类身体健康的重大疾病,但目前还没有有效的干预措施。神经退行性疾病(ND),例如阿尔兹海默症(AD)和渐冻症(ALS),有几个重要的病理特征:一是小胶质细胞介导的神经炎症;二是神经系统内的细胞死亡;三是细胞内稳态的失调造成的病理蛋白的聚集,比如AD中的Aβ淀粉样蛋白,Tau蛋白缠结等等。目前主流观点认为上述三个因素是造成神经退行性疾病发生和发展的重要原因。

2020年9月23日,美国科学院院士、哈佛医学院袁钧瑛教授课题组在 Nature 杂志上发表了题为:Modulating TRADD to restore cellular homeostasis and inhibit apoptosis 的研究论文。

该研究成功筛选到了可同时抑制细胞死亡和激活自噬的小分子化合物Apostatin-1 ,并确定了其靶点TRADD蛋白,并进一步证实了靶向TRADD非常安全,这项用时八年的工作为治疗人类神经退行性疾病提供了新的方向。

目前针对神经退行性疾病的干预研究主要包括抑制神经炎症和细胞死亡,袁钧英课题组过去20年的工作建立了RIPK1在细胞死亡和炎症反应中的关键作用,并开发了RIPK1的抑制剂。比如之前发现在衰老引起的伴TBK1突变导致的渐冻症(ALS),蛋白激酶RIPK1介导的小胶质细胞炎症和少突胶质细胞死亡是造成疾病发生的重要原因(Xu, et al., 2018, Cell)。

另外,在伴OPTN突变的渐冻症(ALS)以及阿尔兹海默症(AD)中,RIPK1介导的神经炎症和细胞死亡都参与了疾病的进程(Ito, et al., 2016, Science; Ofengeim, et al.,2017, PNAS.)。所以抑制RIPK1的激酶活性是一种重要的干预神经退行性疾病的策略,RIPK1抑制剂也已经在进行多种神经退行性疾病的临床试验,包括阿尔兹海默症(AD)和渐冻症(ALS)。

但是,抑制RIPK1并不能解决神经退行性疾病的第三个问题:细胞稳态的失调而造成的病理蛋白的聚集。如果仅仅抑制神经炎症和细胞死亡,有些疾病中的细胞很可能没有办法恢复内稳态,这会影响它们正常功能的发挥。而我们知道激活细胞内的自噬途径,可以恢复细胞稳态并促进病理蛋白聚集物的降解。但是仅仅激活自噬并不能抑制神经炎症和细胞死亡。

基于这些考虑,需要一种全新的策略可以同时抑制细胞死亡和炎症并激活自噬。研究团队参考了之前RIPK1及其抑制剂Nec-1的发现过程(Degterev et al. 2005, Nature Cell Biology),采用化学遗传学,运用复合的小分子化合物高通量筛选模式,寻找能够同时抑制细胞死亡和炎症并激活自噬的小分子化合物,再进一步寻找小分子的作用靶点。

 

课题组分别采用了RIPK1依赖的细胞死亡模型和细胞自噬模型,从17万个化合物中进行了多轮的筛选,最后找到了符合上述要求的小分子(ICCB-17和ICCB-19)。进一步通过构效改造(SAR),获得了活性较高的小分子,并命名为Apostatin-1 。

研究团队通过大量的细胞生物学实验和生化实验证明了Apostatin-1的靶点是一个叫做TRADD的衔接蛋白。

通过体外和体内实验,研究团队证实了靶向TRADD可以同时达到上述两个目标,即抑制RIPK1的活化,和激活自噬恢复细胞内稳态并清除病理蛋白聚集物。

TRADD基因敲除的小鼠被证明不仅是完全健康的,而且对肿瘤坏死因子TNFα以及脂多糖LPS诱导的系统性炎症综合征(SIRS)和死亡都有抵抗作用。

因此靶向TRADD将是非常安全的,这项用时八年的工作为治疗人类神经退行性疾病提供了新的方向。

袁钧英,哈佛医学院教授,美国国家科学院院士,1977年,袁钧英在恢复高考的第一年以上海市第一名的成绩考入复旦大学,1989年获得哈佛大学神经科学博士学位。1992年成为哈佛医学院副教授,2000年成为哈佛医学院终生教授。2007年当选美国艺术与科学院院士,2017年当选美国国家科学院院士。

在哈佛读博期间,袁钧英师从罗伯特·霍维茨(H. Robert Horvitz)教授,袁钧英确定了ced-3和ced-4蛋白是秀丽隐杆线虫程序性细胞死亡的幕后推动者,并在之后鉴定了ced-3的哺乳动物同源物,也就是caspase-1。这些发现为她的导师罗伯特·霍维茨获得诺贝尔化学奖做出了重要贡献。

2005年,袁钧英团队发现了一种非凋亡性细胞程序性死亡——程序性坏死(necroptosis)。在此基础上开发的RIPK1抑制剂,已开展对渐冻症、阿尔茨海默氏病等神经退行性疾病和类风湿性关节炎、牛皮癣和克罗恩氏病等炎症性疾病的临床试验。

原始出处:

Daichao Xu, Heng Zhao, Minzhi Jin, et al.Modulating TRADD to restore cellular homeostasis and inhibit apoptosis.Nature.Published: 23 September 2020

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    2020-09-24 易水河

    科技进步

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