腺病毒感染与移植:造血干细胞移植(HSCT)和实体器官移植(SOT)人群感染情况

2021-12-09 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

腺病毒(AdVs)是一种无包膜的双链DNA病毒,与人类广泛的临床综合征相关。

腺病毒(AdVs)是一种无包膜的双链DNA病毒,与人类广泛的临床综合征相关。

该病呈全球分布,卫生条件有限的地区发病率较高,感染无季节性。一般人群中80%在6岁时至少有1种血清型感染。儿童感染较成人多见。在成年人中,居住密集的人(如大学或军营)和免疫功能低下的患者的风险最大。

通过吸入雾化液滴、直接结膜接种、粪便-口腔传播或暴露于感染组织或血液可发生传播。潜伏期取决于病毒血清型和传播机制,可为2 d~2wk。在免疫功能低下的患者中,与其他方面健康的患者相比,散毒时间通常延长。移植人群的急性感染除了与潜伏感染的再激活有关外,还与供体来源的感染有关。发生再激活是因为AdVs可在淋巴上皮组织、肾实质、扁桃体、腺样体和胃肠道(GI)建立终生无症状感染。在造血干细胞移植(HSCT)和实体器官移植(SOT)人群中最常描述重度感染。

 

1. 造血干细胞移植受体

在干细胞移植(SCT)人群中,AdV所致疾病的发生率为3%~47%。现有数据表明,与接受自体移植物的患者相比,同种异体SCT受体中AdV感染更常见(8.5%-30% vs 2%-12%);与成人相比,儿童中AdV感染更常见(20%-47% vs 6%-13.6%);在接受去除T细胞移植物的患者中AdV感染更常见(45% vs 11%)。

大多数回顾性研究记录了AdV疾病主要发生在HSCT后的前100天(中位数,36-90天)。在HSCT受者中,AdV可引起广泛的疾病,包括局灶性器官疾病,包括上呼吸道或下呼吸道感染、GI疾病、肝炎和膀胱炎或播散性疾病。某些AdV血清型更常与某些疾病表现相关(见表1)。AdV GI疾病在儿科SCT人群中很常见,这可能与移植前AdV可能在肠道粘膜休眠的担忧有关。

AdV疾病可由原发感染或潜伏感染再激活引起,由于新发感染的发生率较高,儿童年龄组的感染率较高。角膜结膜炎的一系列疾病包括自限性结膜炎、咽结膜热后遗症或相当严重的地方性角膜结膜炎。呼吸道疾病的范围从轻度上呼吸道受累(通常伴有非特异性感冒样症状)至重度肺炎。GI疾病范围从轻度腹泻至出血性结肠炎;也描述了重度肝炎。腹泻可能由仅限于胃肠道的病毒(即AdV 40、41和52)或播散性疾病累及GI的表现(即AdV 11、34和35)引起(见表1)。

尽管泌尿生殖系统疾病在肾移植中更常见,但在HSCT患者中已有出血性膀胱炎(HC)的描述,应进行检测。

AdV感染也可能与移植物失败或植入延迟相关。此外,与巨细胞病毒(CMV)、曲霉菌或细菌混合感染经常发生,可能导致与AdV疾病相关的不良结局。未经治疗,HSCT患者的死亡率接近所有有症状患者的26%,而肺炎和播散性疾病预示着更不祥的结局(死亡率分别为50%和80%)。

表1:与腺病毒种类和血清型相关的感染

2. 实体器官移植(SOT)受体

AdV感染虽然不常见,但在所有SOT人群中均有报道,在肠道、肺和肾脏受者中发生率最高。在SOT受者中,AdV感染的危险因素包括小肠和肝移植受者、儿童移植受者、接受抗淋巴细胞抗体的患者和供者阳性/受者阴性AdV状态的患者。

在儿童中,年龄 < 5岁的受者感染率最高,而青少年疾病相关并发症的患病率较低。严重疾病与移植后第一个月分离出病毒、从 > 1个部位检测到病毒、持续病毒血症和高病毒载量有关。

无症状AdV DNA血症在SOT受者中很常见,通常与进展为症状性疾病无关。移植后第一年,分别有6.5%、6.7%、8.3%和22.5%的成人肾脏、心脏、肝脏和肺受体存在DNA血症,通常无疾病的临床证据。其中高达10%的患者发生侵袭性疾病。

在SOT受者中,HC、肾炎、肺炎、肝炎、小肠结肠炎和播散性疾病已有描述。除HC(肾移植受者最常见的症状性疾病形式)外,移植器官通常是感染部位:肺炎在肺移植受者中最常见,肝炎在肝移植受者中最常见,小肠结肠炎可能与排斥反应相似,最常见于小肠接受者。

泌尿道以外的大多数形式的感染有可能进展并引起具有临床意义的疾病,很少导致死亡。相反,肾移植受者的HC和AdV肾炎如果能减少免疫抑制,一般是自限性的。HC患者通常表现为发热、血尿和排尿主诉,可能与细菌感染混淆。因此,临床医生接诊发热和血尿患者时,应始终考虑AdV,并送尿进行聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测,特别是尿培养细菌阴性时。

HC可能进展累及肾脏,这可能导致移植物功能障碍和活检时观察到的肉芽肿性间质性肾炎。还经常观察到血清肌酐升高,HC/肾炎消退后可恢复至基线水平。即使免疫抑制减少,症状也可能持续数周,因此耐心并密切监测血液和尿液病毒载量至关重要。

原文链接:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34856601/

Adenovirus Infection and Transplantation

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    2022-07-22 爆笑小医
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    2021-12-10 俅侠
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