保留自主呼吸无气管插管麻醉下达芬奇机器人纵隔肿瘤切除术1例报告

2019-08-25 沈啟明 谭文斐 许哲 中国医科大学学报

2017年12月,中国医科大学附属第一医院胸外科与麻醉科合作,在保留患者自主呼吸无气管插管麻醉下,使用达芬奇机器人手术操作系统完成1例前纵隔肿瘤切除术。现将该病例具体报道如下:

2017年12月,中国医科大学附属第一医院胸外科与麻醉科合作,在保留患者自主呼吸无气管插管麻醉下,使用达芬奇机器人手术操作系统完成1例前纵隔肿瘤切除术。现将该病例具体报道如下:
 
1.材料与方法
 
1.1临床资料
 
患者,女,64岁,体质量指数24.75kg/m2。患者以“后背痛2个月”为主诉就诊于我院胸外科。否认肌无力相关症状。既往高血压病史10年,自服降压药控制良好。查体无明显阳性专科体征。肺部增强3D-CT示前纵隔内可见团块状稍高密度影,约2.7 cm×1.5 cm,边界较清,CT值约47HU,增强扫描后CT值约88HU。血清肿瘤标记物及肌电图检查正常。术前诊断为“前纵隔肿物,胸腺瘤可能性大”。符合纵隔肿瘤切除术适应证。
 
1.2方法
 
1.2.1麻醉:采用保留自主呼吸无气管插管技术。术前给予患者T5~6节段0.5%罗哌卡因椎旁神经阻滞。麻醉诱导采用丙泊酚、舒芬太尼和小剂量顺式阿曲库铵,顺利置入喉罩和支气管封堵器,纤支镜定位,表面麻醉。待患者体位摆好后,培养患者自主呼吸。术中维持为丙泊酚靶控输注联合右美托咪定和瑞芬太尼持续输注。
 
1.2.2手术:采用达芬奇机器人手术操作系统(da Vinci Si,美国INTUITIVE公司)。2%利多卡因局部浸润麻醉下做胸壁切口后,经右胸腋后线第6肋间置入腔镜镜头,腋前线第5肋间和腋后线第4肋间分别安放Trocar,用于置入机械臂1与机械臂2,以便于针对病变进行操作。腔镜指引下,2%利多卡因胸膜表面麻醉,1%利多卡因与0.5%罗哌卡因封闭迷走神经与膈神经。探查见肿物位于前纵隔,使用单极电凝钩与双极电凝抓钳仔细游离肿物。缝支持线牵引肿物,显露其基底部,最终将其连同周围胸腺及脂肪组织一并完整切除。使用腔镜用取物袋移除标本,送检术中冰冻病理,汇报为“考虑胸腺源性囊肿伴局部上皮重度异型增生”。手术顺利结束,留置右胸腔负压引流球1枚。
 
2.结果
 
患者恢复良好,术后第1天即正常离床活动,引流液体量150mL,复查胸片示肺复张良好,予以拔除引流管并预约出院。术后病理免疫组化结果为“胸腺鳞癌”。
 
3.讨论
 
近年来,胸腔镜手术由于具有切口小、疼痛轻和恢复快等优点,逐步得到了广大胸外科医生的认可。但其相应的包括麻醉在内的围手术期处理仍然延续了传统开胸手术的处理方法。临床上需要创建新的围手术期处理方案以适应微创手术。快速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)作为一种新的外科理念,正逐步为人们所接受。它是通过围手术期多学科技术的综合运用,进行一系列系统的、有针对性的优化措施,以减少或减轻手术患者生理及心理创伤应激反应,加快患者术后恢复,减少术后并发症的发生,缩短住院时间,达到快速康复的目的。
 
具体包括加强手术前后的心理辅导,优化麻醉方法,注意术中保温,提高微创手术技术,实施术后镇痛、提前拔管和早期下床活动等促进康复的措施。而微创手术技术和麻醉技术理所应当是ERAS理念中的核心部分。如何使胸外科从切口的表观微创,发展到包含麻醉在内的整体微创,已经成为胸外科快速康复的主要研究课题之一。
 
在胸外科麻醉技术中,目前广泛使用的传统双腔气管插管可以提供良好的手术视野和术中控制。但是,双腔管的置入需要较深的麻醉,需要充足剂量的阿片类药物和肌松药,对快速康复不利。喉罩是一种微创的声门上通气装置。喉罩联合支气管封堵器的应用可以在减少阿片类药物和肌松药应用的基础上更好地肺隔离,既满足了快速康复的要求,又确保了术中安全。
 
2004年,国际上首次报道了在非气管内插管麻醉自主呼吸状态下,采用胸段硬膜外阻滞行电视胸腔镜(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS)肺肿物楔形切除术。非气管内插管麻醉技术有其独特的优势:手术患者保留自主呼吸,只需接受简单的静脉用药、局部浸润麻醉、肋间神经阻滞或硬膜外镇静镇痛,利用人工气胸达到单肺通气的效果,能满足胸腔镜手术的需要。该技术避免了气管插管的不足之处,避免了肌松药的残留作用,术后呼吸肌功能恢复更快,降低了各系统并发症的发生率。目前国内广州医科大学附属第一医院的何建行团队已率先开展了有关自主呼吸麻醉胸腔镜的临床随机对照研究,揭示了自主呼吸麻醉下开展微创胸腔镜手术是安全、可行的,且在快速康复方面有显著的优势。
 
本病例在保留自主呼吸麻醉中使用了喉罩+支气管封堵器,实践证明手术中气密性良好,单肺通气确实,并且成功实施了肺复张。胸腔镜微创手术技术目前已经广泛应用于临床。但在临床实践中,腔镜的局限性逐渐暴露,如二维平面手术视野,反向器械操作,手术器械的活动自由度受限,手部震颤被放大等,这些都限制了胸外科微创化的进一步发展。达芬奇机器人手术操作系统是21世纪初研发的新一代微创手术系统,使微创技术达到了一个新的高峰。
 
与传统外科及胸腔镜手术相比,达芬奇机器人手术具有如下优势:(1)三维高清立体成像技术,视野放大20倍,手术医生可以通过视频获得与人眼一致的立体空间感受;(2)EndoWrist仿真机械手腕的应用,加上滤抖功能,使医生能够将自己的手“伸入”患者体内,在有限的空间里轻松完成更加精细与复杂的各类高难度操作;(3)利用机器人手术系统,术者可独自一人完成一个手术团队的工作,不仅降低了人力成本,同时也利于患者快速康复。
 
目前,机器人微创手术在国内尚处于起步阶段。我院与时俱进地引进da Vinci Si手术操作系统,必将进一步拓宽微创手术的范畴,引领未来微创手术的发展方向。在本例患者的诊治中,依据许顺外科团队与马虹麻醉团队的经验,契合快速康复理念,将da Vinci Si手术操作系统与保留自主呼吸无气管插管麻醉技术进行了强强联合。此种方法在国内外文献中尚未见报道。双方的精湛配合为手术顺利进行及患者快速康复奠定了坚实的基础。本例患者术后第1天即正常离床活动,并拔除引流管预约出院。
 
胸外科微创手术不应再局限于切口的表观微创,而应该努力发展包含麻醉在内的整个医疗诊治过程的全程微创以及对患者生物学意义上的整体微创。这是一个系统化的建设工程,包括进行术前准备和宣教,使患者在身体和精神上都做好充分调动,术中外科医生与麻醉师精准微创操作,术后给予镇痛,及早实施功能锻炼等康复措施。“微创”已不再是外科医生一个人的工作,麻醉师、护士和护工等均需要积极参与,同时更需要患者和家属的积极配合。“严于术前,精于术中,善于术后”,在保障医疗安全的基础上努力将患者的创伤减低到最小程度,这是对精准医疗和快速康复的最佳诠释。
 
原始出处:

沈啟明,谭文斐,许哲,张鑫,虞建刚,王俊,马虹,许顺.保留自主呼吸无气管插管麻醉下达芬奇机器人纵隔肿瘤切除术1例报告[J].中国医科大学学报,2018,47(09):847-849.

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    2019-08-27 xue8602
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