Brain Behav Immun:肠道微生物通过迷走神经导致大脑抑郁

2021-03-27 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

正常的肠道菌群对维持正常的免疫反应(包括粘膜免疫)很重要,FMT对肠道微生物群的改变可能会对免疫反应的几个方面产生影响,并对随后的健康状况产生影响。

近年来,肠信号在神经精神障碍发病机制中的作用受到了极大的关注。肠道微生物群通过神经、内分泌和体液途径与大脑双向连接,构成微生物区--脑轴的重要组成部分。肠道微生物群的任何变化都会引起肠道环境的变化,从而改变从肠道到大脑的生化和内分泌信号,反之亦然。已知几种神经免疫内分泌介质连接肠道和大脑,并已被报道为焦虑抑郁障碍等神经精神疾病发病机制中的重要病因学参数。最近,通过操纵肠道微生物区系作为治疗精神疾病的一种新干预方式在神经科学界受到了极大的关注。在最近发表在Brain, Behavior, and

Immunity杂志上研究了迷走神经参与微生物减少小鼠接受抑郁表型的Chrna7基因敲除(KO)小鼠的粪便微生物区系移植(FMT)后的抑郁样行为形成的一些重要方面。

α-7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(α7 nAChR,由Chrna7基因编码)在大脑以及我们身体的几个免疫细胞中表达,被认为在焦虑和抑郁等神经精神疾病的病因中起着重要作用。近年来积累的一系列证据表明,表达α7 nAChR的混合脑神经X(迷走神经)参与了这些精神疾病的病因。在早些时候的一项研究中,桥本及其同事表明,在α7 nAChR KO小鼠中,伏隔核中BDNF-TrkB信号和突触发生的增加导致了抑郁样的表型,并且这种情况与促炎状态的发展有关。此外,刺激迷走神经上的α7 nAChR介导了大脑内的抗炎效应,迷走神经刺激是人类难治性抑郁症的一条被批准的治疗路线。这些研究指出了α7 nAChR在抑郁症病因中的重要性。

Pu等人研究了迷走神经参与FMT后抑郁发生的新机制。他们已经表明,来自Chrna7 KO小鼠的FMT诱导了接受抗生素治疗的小鼠(其中90%以上的肠道微生物群缺失)前额叶皮质中的抑郁样表型、全身炎症和突触蛋白下调,而来自没有任何抑郁样表型的野生型小鼠的FMT不会产生这些影响。进一步的实验表明,膈下迷走神经参与了Chrna7 KO小鼠FMT后抑郁表型的形成,提示抑郁表型的形成依赖于迷走神经对脑的传导。最近的一项研究表明,从抑郁症患者到微生物区系枯竭的大鼠,FMT增加了快感乏力和焦虑样行为,同时血浆犬尿氨酸/色氨酸比率增加,这表明对5-羟色胺代谢有潜在影响。因此,Pu等人的研究使这个领域更接近于确认迷走神经是神经免疫信号从肠道传递到大脑的通道。他们还显示了来自Chrna7  KO小鼠的17个混合水平的种系类型作为FMT组潜在的微生物标记。从Chrna7 KO小鼠开始,FMT组动物Lactobacillus animalisHelicobater ganmani数量增加,Muribaculum intestinale减少。虽然从这项研究中还不清楚肠道微生物区系的这种特定而显著的变化的含义,但它提供了一个新的平台,可以从这个平台来研究这种现象带来的神经免疫变化。

这项研究的另一个特点是调查这些特定移植微生物的遗传和蛋白质组成分的潜在价值,这可以为这些生物与宿主免疫系统的分子相互作用提供有价值的见解,这些分子相互作用导致焦虑和抑郁样症状的发展。这一认识可能有助于开发治疗抑郁症和相关神经精神障碍的具体药物策略,并可能潜在地影响治疗焦虑和抑郁的个性化药物的发展。

最近,有研究表明,在人类复发性艰难梭菌结肠炎患者中,FMT是一种成熟、安全和有效的治疗方法,据报道成功率高达90%FMT通过重新填充肠道和恢复肠道微生物区系及其系统发育多样性来治疗这种疾病。有了这些相关的现有知识和既定的技术背景,将FMT带入治疗抑郁症的临床试验可能是一个相对平稳的过渡。根据最近的一项综述,到目前为止,已经报道了8项临床研究,其中进行了从健康人到肠易激综合征和抑郁症患者的FMT。尽管研究人员发现这些患者的抑郁症状有所改善,但考虑到FMT后症状复发的可能性可能很重要,至少在部分患者中是如此,因为移植的微生物区系可能会影响迷走神经的活动,导致神经炎症状态的变化,从而导致神经精神症状的恶化。这可能解释了为什么这些研究中有三项发现FMT治疗几周到几个月后抑郁症状恢复到基线水平。到目前为止,还没有研究检查FMT后迷走神经阻滞对人类患者的影响,以研究FMT和迷走神经阻滞的联合疗效,因此探索这一新的治疗抑郁症的方法可能是有趣的。

最后,由于正常的肠道菌群对维持正常的免疫反应(包括粘膜免疫)很重要,FMT对肠道微生物群的改变可能会对免疫反应的几个方面产生影响,并对随后的健康状况产生影响。肠道微生物区系通过诱导宿主的天然免疫防御来维持肠道粘膜的平衡,并抑制病原体粘附到粘膜细胞上。因此,在考虑将FMT和细菌疗法作为治疗人类抑郁症和相关神经精神疾病的一个重要可行选择之前,仔细研究这一方面是很重要的。Pu等人的研究为研究特定肠道微生物的移植或几种肠道微生物的组合,以及对肠道迷走神经信号的操纵是否可能在治疗焦虑和抑郁方面提供了一条未来的途径,提供了一个重要的视角。

原文出处:

1.  Pu Yaoyu,Tan Yunfei,Qu Youge et al. A role of the subdiaphragmatic vagus nerve in depression-like phenotypes in mice after fecal microbiota transplantation from Chrna7 knock-out mice with depression-like phenotypes.[J] .Brain Behav Immun, 2021, undefined: undefined.

2.Munshi, Soumyabrata. “A depressed gut makes for a depressed brain via vagal transmission.” Brain, behavior, and immunity, S0889-1591(21)00119-7. 22 Mar. 2021, doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.03.017

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    2021-11-27 146e31c1m79暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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    2021-08-16 面纱

    如何调节好肠道微生物平衡?

    0

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    2021-03-29 qjddjq
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    2021-03-28 T2DM终结者

    nb

    0

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    2021-03-28 1436749007

    我学到了很多东西谢谢老师

    0

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