Sci Transl Med:避免伦理争议?科学家在子宫里矫正了胚胎的致命基因突变

2019-04-20 不详 学术经纬

最新一期《科学》子刊《Science Translational Medicine》的封面论文向我们讲述了关于基因疗法的一项最新进展——来自宾夕法尼亚大学医学院和费城儿童医院的一支团队成功修复了小鼠的一种致命基因突变。令人赞叹的是,在修复突变时,这些小鼠甚至还没有诞生!

最新一期《科学》子刊《Science Translational Medicine》的封面论文向我们讲述了关于基因疗法的一项最新进展——来自宾夕法尼亚大学医学院和费城儿童医院的一支团队成功修复了小鼠的一种致命基因突变。令人赞叹的是,在修复突变时,这些小鼠甚至还没有诞生!

具体来看,研究人员们所针对的是一种先天性遗传疾病——表面活性蛋白缺乏症(surfactant protein deficiency)。作为一类脂蛋白,表面活性蛋白能够减少肺部表面的张力,对于肺的正常功能具有重要的作用。但一些罕见的情况下,婴儿体内会出现基因突变,让表面活性蛋白出现缺陷。在母体中,婴儿尚可以通过胎盘获得氧气。但在出生后,需要自主呼吸的患儿由于肺部功能不足,往往会在几个小时内快速出现呼吸衰竭,导致死亡。目前,我们对于这种疾病几乎无能为力。想要挽救这些婴儿的生命,我们必须在他们诞生前,就矫正胚胎的致命基因突变。

而本项研究则对“胚胎基因疗法”的可行性进行了检验。“我们想要知道这种策略是否可行,”本研究的负责人之一,宾夕法尼亚大学医学院教授Edward E. Morrisey说道:“这里的关键是如何指导基因编辑系统靶向呼吸道和肺部的细胞。”

为此,研究团队开发了一种CRISPR基因编辑荧光报告系统来进行测试。在小鼠模型中,他们首先将这一系统注射入妊娠晚期母鼠的羊水中。按设想,随着胚胎的呼吸动作,这些系统也能进入小鼠胚胎即将成型的呼吸道和肺部,进行基因编辑。而倘若基因编辑成功,我们就能在这些位点观察到荧光。

他们成功了。显微镜下,研究人员们清楚地看到了基因编辑带来了绿色荧光,表明这套系统的确可以在子宫内对胚胎进行基因编辑。更可喜的是,这些基因编辑结果看似可以长期维持。具体来看,得到基因编辑的细胞里,很多属于2型肺泡细胞,它们正是产生表面活性蛋白的关键细胞。

在这一技术的初步框架搭建完毕后,研究人员们决定测试其修复小鼠基因突变的能力。他们使用了一种特殊的小鼠模型,其体内带有一条突变的SFTPC基因(会导致表面活性蛋白出现异常),另一条则是正常的野生型SFTPC基因。随后,这些小鼠胚胎被分为3组,一组不接受任何治疗,一组接受对照基因编辑(只表达绿色荧光蛋白),另一组则在表达绿色荧光蛋白的同时,还能让突变的SFTPC基因失活。研究人员们期望通过这种基因编辑,让小鼠胚胎不再产出异常的表面活性蛋白,从而重塑肺部的生理形态,让其恢复健康。

研究发现,不接受治疗,或仅仅接受对照治疗的小鼠胚胎,在动物出生的6个小时后全部死亡。而接受了基因编辑治疗的小鼠胚胎,在24小时后依旧有8%的幼鼠存活。在出生后的第七天,总存活率依旧为5.7%。由于这些小鼠随后被用作肺部的解剖分析,研究人员们并未获得更长期的存活数据。但从肺部结构来看,形态学上也得到了改善。

“能够通过基因编辑技术,在妊娠中期到晚期,在不可逆转的病理症状出现之前就对疾病进行治愈或者缓解,是一件令人兴奋的事情!”本研究的另一位负责人,费城儿童医院的William H. Peranteau教授说道:“这对于肺部疾病来说尤其如此。肺部功能在出生时有更为重要的作用。”

一些评论指出,这项研究有望避免对胚胎进行基因编辑的伦理争议——在小鼠实验中,进行基因编辑的时间是出生前4天,相当于人类怀孕的28周后。此时的胎儿已可算做比较极端的早产儿,从而避免了对人类胚胎进行编辑所产生的一系列问题。此外,这种基因编辑理论上也不会改变生殖细胞。

但研究人员们也指出,在规避一些重要伦理争议的同时,它也会带来一些全新的风险。譬如对出生后个体进行基因编辑,至少不会影响到母体。而怀孕期间的基因编辑,其对母亲的潜在影响尚且未知。此外,在另一组对照中,接受了基因编辑的野生型小鼠,在出生后7天只有25%的生存率,从而可能限制它的应用。

总结来说,这项研究是基因编辑疗法的一次良好尝试,且从概念上验证了在妊娠期间对胚胎进行基因编辑的可行性。这对于那些罹患致命先天性遗传病的胎儿来说,可能打开了一扇治疗的新窗口。当然,从小鼠实验到最终应用于人体,我们还有很长的路要走。

原始出处:
Alapati D, Zacharias WJ, Hartman HA,et al.In utero gene editing for monogenic lung disease.Sci Transl Med. 2019 Apr 17;11(488). pii: eaav8375. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav8375.

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    2019-10-19 bsmagic9140
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    2019-04-21 slcumt
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    2019-04-21 ailian1202
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