Cancer Cell:癌细胞通过产生特殊胶原蛋白来逃避免疫系统攻击

2022-07-23 生物世界 生物世界

正常人体中,其他细胞都不产生这种独特的胶原蛋白,因此该发现为开发高度特异性癌症疗法提供了巨大的潜力,有望改善患者对治疗的反应。

早在20亿年前,生命就开始了与癌症的斗争。癌细胞非常“聪明”,它们善于伪装和欺骗,癌细胞能够骗过人体的免疫系统(也会骗过其他宿主),让免疫系统以为自己是正常细胞,继续从人体中汲取养分,然后不断生长。而且,癌细胞的这种欺骗能力也会随着情况变化变得越来越高明。

2022年7月21日,美国德克萨斯大学MD安德森癌症中心的研究人员在 Cancer Cell 期刊上在线发表了题为:An oncogenic collagen I homotrimer from cancer cells binds to a3b1 integrin and affects tumor microbiome and immunity to promote pancreatic cancer 的研究论文。 

该研究发现胰腺癌细胞产生的 I 型胶原蛋白(Col1)是一种异常的同源三聚体变体,具有致癌特性。癌细胞中 Col1 同源三聚体的缺失可抑制肿瘤进展并重塑肿瘤微生物组,增强 T 细胞浸润,使抗 PD-1 免疫治疗更有效。

 

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胰腺癌细胞中存在特异性胶原蛋白

I 型胶原蛋白是体内最丰富的蛋白质,由成纤维细胞产生,主要存在于骨骼、肌腱和皮肤中。在其正常形式中,胶原蛋白是由两条 α1 链(Col1a1)和一条 α2 链(Col1a2)组成的异源三聚体,它们组装形成三螺旋结构,作为细胞外基质的一部分。然而,在研究人类胰腺癌细胞系时,研究人员发现这些细胞会产生非典型形式的胶原蛋白。

他们发现这些细胞仅表达编码 α1 链的基因(Col1a1),而成纤维细胞则同时表达这两种基因。进一步分析表明,癌细胞通过表观遗传高甲基化使编码 α2 的基因(Col1a2)沉默,从而产生由三个 α1 链组成的癌症特异性胶原蛋白「同源三聚体」

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癌症特异性胶原蛋白的丢失可减少癌症进展,增强抗肿瘤免疫反应

为了在体研究这一观察结果的影响,研究人员构建了敲除 Col1a1 的胰腺癌小鼠模型,Col1a1 仅在癌细胞中缺失。癌细胞中 Col1 的缺失显著阻碍了胰腺癌的进展,病变明显减少,胰腺肿瘤负担较低,患癌小鼠的总生存时间延长

在对癌细胞进行培养后发现,Col1 缺失的癌细胞形态呈纺锤形,细胞间的黏附减弱,细胞增殖率明显降低,对吉西他滨的敏感性增加,皮下肿瘤形成率降低。

 

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癌症特异性胶原蛋白改变肿瘤微生物组和免疫特征

鉴于肿瘤微生物群与免疫反应之间的关系,研究人员接下来在小鼠模型中探索了微生物群。有趣的是,癌症特异性胶原蛋白的丢失会导致肿瘤内细菌组成发生了显著变化,拟杆菌目减少,弯曲杆菌目增加。Col1 缺失的癌症小鼠保持了肠道菌群稳态,其菌群分类模式与无肿瘤小鼠相似,而患癌的对照小鼠表现出异常的肠道微生物组。

同时,肿瘤内免疫细胞的组成也发生了改变,髓源性抑制细胞(MDSCs)相应减少,T 细胞增加,这更有助于获得良好的生存结果

为了确定微生物组对肿瘤免疫的影响,研究人员使用广谱抗生素联合治疗,发现使用抗生素破坏微生物组可以完全逆转这些影响,这表明癌症特异性胶原蛋白通过增强促肿瘤微生物组来促进癌症进展。这是细胞外基质直接影响肿瘤微生物组的早期证据,可以帮助研究人员了解癌细胞是如何产生这些适应免疫反应的。

 

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此外,这些基因敲除小鼠对抗 PD1 免疫疗法的反应更佳,并表现出总生存期延长。这表明靶向这种癌症特异性胶原蛋白有助于增强抗肿瘤免疫反应。

进一步的研究阐明了这些发现背后的一些机制,表明癌症特异性胶原蛋白的缺失增加了 CXCL16 的水平,其可以吸引 T 细胞,并降低 CXCL5 的表达,其可以吸引 MDSCs。胶原蛋白同源三聚体的缺失也增加了基质中正常成纤维细胞胶原蛋白的数量,而这抑制了肿瘤进展

该研究还发现,异常胶原蛋白通过与一种称为整合素 α3 的表面蛋白结合,上调与癌细胞增殖相关的信号通路。事实上,在体内抑制整合素 α3 会增加 T 细胞浸润并延长存活时间,提示这种相互作用可能是潜在治疗策略的具体靶点

 

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总结

该研究发现胰腺癌细胞会特异性产生非典型形式的 I 型胶原蛋白,从而形成一种独特的细胞外基质,影响肿瘤微生物组并抑制免疫反应,促进癌症的进展。这种异常的胶原蛋白结构与人体内产生的正常胶原蛋白有着根本的不同,为癌症治疗提供了一个高度特异性的靶点。

本研究的通讯作者 Raghu Kalluri 表示:正常人体中,其他细胞都不产生这种独特的胶原蛋白,因此该发现为开发高度特异性癌症疗法提供了巨大的潜力,有望改善患者对治疗的反应。此外,Kalluri 还指出虽然当前的研究仅局限于胰腺癌,但 I 型胶原蛋白同源三聚体也见于其他癌症类型,包括肺癌结肠癌这表明可能存在一种统一的、对癌症治疗具有广泛意义的原则。 

论文链接:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2022.06.011

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    2022-10-16 维他命
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