Nature Biotechnology:瞒天过海,给细菌穿上“隐身衣”,让它们绕过免疫系统去攻击癌细胞

2022-03-21 nagashi “生物世界”公众号

虽然活细菌疗法是一种新的、可替代的治疗多种癌症的方法,但仍有许多障碍需要克服,例如被人体免疫系统判定为外来入侵物,从而诱发高度炎症反应。

当我们听到“细菌”一词,下意识里更容易联想到污水、腐烂的食物等脏东西。但实际上,在我们的身体里就存在数以十亿计的共生菌群,这些微生物在人类健康中发挥着重要作用,甚至会影响我们的体质、性格和思维。

这也给了科学家们开发“活细菌疗法”的灵感,微生物可以被设计成能够感知环境并对环境作出反应的智能生命药物,它们可以在胃肠道、口腔、皮肤、肺和肿瘤中定植,并在局部微环境提供治疗。

但遗憾的是,虽然活细菌疗法是一种新的、可替代的治疗多种癌症的方法,但仍有许多障碍需要克服,例如被人体免疫系统判定为外来入侵物,从而诱发高度炎症反应。

近日,美国哥伦比亚大学的研究人员在 Nature Biotechnology 期刊发表了题为:A programmable encapsulation system improves delivery of therapeutic bacteria in mice 的研究论文。

该研究开发了一种基因编码的微生物封装系统,其表面荚膜多糖的可调节和动态表达增强了系统递送,让治疗性细菌隐藏在其中而不被免疫系统给发现。在小鼠肿瘤模型中,这种新型伪装系统成功向肿瘤递送活细菌药物,并杀死了体内癌细胞。

活细菌疗法已被提出作为一种治疗多种癌症的替代方法,但其宿主毒性也限制了耐受剂量和疗效,并在某些情况下导致临床试验的终止。此外,与传统药物载体不同,细菌是动态的——它们会不断地繁殖和迁移,因此需要对细菌体内药代动力学进行强有力的时间控制。

对此,一种规避活细菌治疗的免疫原性和毒性的方法是敲除细菌表面的抗原,如脂多糖(LPS),但这种策略也会产生菌株衰减和减少定植等弊端。那么,如果我们换一个思路,不敲除这些抗原分子,而是把它们隐藏起来呢?

因此,另一种替代策略是用分子涂层覆盖微生物表面,如海藻酸盐、壳聚糖、聚多巴胺、脂质和纳米颗粒。但这些一次性的、静态的细菌修饰不允许原位调节,并可能导致不受控制的生长、偏离靶标的组织毒性或损害细胞功能,从而降低治疗功效。

综上所述,在不影响安全性的情况下,如何提高细菌递送效率是实现活细菌疗法在临床上治疗癌症的核心挑战

可编程CAP系统控制细菌包裹和体内输送概况

在这项最新研究中,研究团队集中研究了荚膜多糖(CAP),一种包裹细菌表面的糖聚合物,并开发了一种基因编码的微生物封装系统——诱导性CAP(iCAP),它可以调节和动态表达包膜多糖,以增强系统递送。

sRNA敲除筛选识别CAP生物合成的关键基因

基于荚膜生物合成途径的小RNA筛选,研究团队在大肠杆菌中构建了调控细菌包裹的诱导合成基因电路。通过调节异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)的量,可以控制这些合成细菌在人体血液中存活的时间。在一开始,这些合成细菌能够正常表达包膜多糖并暂时避开免疫攻击,但在发挥效用后会逐渐丢失包膜结构,导致在体内被有效清除。

该研究的第一作者 Tetsuhiro Harimoto 博士表示,我们“劫持”了益生菌大肠杆菌菌株 Nisle 1917 的CAP系统。有了CAP,这些细菌可以暂时逃避免疫攻击,但如果没有CAP,它们就失去了包囊保护,可以在体内被清除。这就像是我们给这些细菌上了一个开关!

示意图:Nisle 1917菌株经过工程改造,通过表面的荚膜多糖逃避免系统(巨噬细胞)的杀伤

这种动态给药策略使活细菌疗法的最大耐受剂量增加了10倍,并在小鼠癌症模型中提高了抗肿瘤疗效。此外,原位包埋增加了小鼠肿瘤中细菌易位的比例,从而提高了远端肿瘤的疗效。

iCAP系统的设计和表征

该研究的通讯作者之一 Kam Leong 教授表示,细菌性癌症治疗与传统药物治疗相比具有独特的优势,例如有效靶向肿瘤组织和可编程药物释放,但潜在的毒性限制了它的应用。如今,我们的研究提出的方法可能解决了这一关键问题!

iCAP系统提高了治疗性细菌的全身传递和疗效

总的来说,这项研究提出了一种全新的活细菌疗法递送系统——诱导性CAP(iCAP),可以根据IPTG的量来调节表面的包膜多糖,以此决定这种合成细菌的命运——逃避免疫攻击或是被清除。这种可编程的封装系统有望提高活的工程细菌对癌症的治疗应用。

 

原始出处:

Harimoto, T., Hahn, J., Chen, YY. et al. A programmable encapsulation system improves delivery of therapeutic bacteria in mice. Nat Biotechnol (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-022-01244-y.

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    2022-10-24 cathymary
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    2023-01-27 sunylz
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    2022-12-17 liye789132251
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    2022-09-21 shock_melon
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    2022-03-22 yxch36

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