Nat Metabol:研究挑战科学家们对机体过早衰老的理解 线粒体DNA功能紊乱或会加速衰老过程

2019-10-10 佚名 细胞

一项刊登在国际杂志Nature Metabolism上的研究报告中,来自东芬兰大学的科学家们通过研究发现,线粒体DNA功能的紊乱或会以不同于此前想象中的方式来加速机体的衰老过程;机体衰老速度的加快或许是细胞中异常核苷酸水平和受损细胞核DNA的维持导致的结果。

一项刊登在国际杂志Nature Metabolism上的研究报告中,来自东芬兰大学的科学家们通过研究发现,线粒体DNA功能的紊乱或会以不同于此前想象中的方式来加速机体的衰老过程;机体衰老速度的加快或许是细胞中异常核苷酸水平和受损细胞核DNA的维持导致的结果。

线粒体是细胞中小型的细胞器,其拥有自己的DNA-线粒体DNA(mtDNA),在近乎半个世纪的时间里,线粒体DNA突变和氧化性压力一直被认为是引发机体衰老的主要因素,这是上世纪70年代发表的《线粒体衰老理论》中提出的假设,这种理论已经在mtDNA突变的小鼠机体中进行了测试,这类小鼠机体中存在不活跃的DNA修饰机制,这些小鼠能够积累mtDNA突变并表现出衰老加速的现象,这就使得科学家们相信mtDNA突变会导致衰老的发生;然而尽管几个研究小组进行了非常认真的研究,但没有人能够证明突变小鼠会出现氧化性压力升高的表现。

这项研究就挑战了氧化性压力和mtDNA在衰老过程中所扮演角色的理论,同时研究人员剔除了一种对突变小鼠老化可替代的解释,即所谓的受损细胞核DNA维持的理论,这一理论也与研究者对早衰症综合征的观察结果一致,即早衰症会导致人类机体过早衰老。早熟老化的突变小鼠体内往往携带有一种存在缺陷的聚合酶-γ酶,其能表现出明显的mtDNA突变,尽管目前存在其它具有等效mtDNA诱变倾向的小鼠模型,但突变小鼠模型是唯一显示加速衰老的模型,此外,早衰症并不是线粒体疾病患者的临床特征,即使是那些mtDNA突变最严重的患者,相反,mtDNA突变小鼠的临床图像与其它小鼠早衰模型和具有核基因组不稳定性的人类早衰综合征非常相似,其在增殖细胞上存在最明显的缺陷,尤其是对组织再生非常重要的干细胞和祖细胞方面。

本文研究结果表明,除了mtDNA维持缺陷外,突变小鼠还表现出了核DNA缺陷,其中包括复制叉停滞、DNA断裂及DNA损伤反应通路的激活等。那么一个主要的线粒体DNA维持缺陷是如何影响核基因组稳定的维持呢?核苷酸是DNA的基本元件,适当的细胞核苷酸水平对于基因组维持至关重要,此外,细胞质和线粒体核苷酸池也是相互连接的。研究者表示,在突变小鼠中,总的细胞核苷酸水平会发生下降,而线粒体核苷酸池的水平会增加,这就提示细胞会优先使用线粒体中的核苷酸,的确,mtDNA的复制再突变小鼠的细胞中也表现为急剧加速状态。

这项研究中,研究人员通过研究揭示了线粒体功能障碍如何通过影响细胞核苷酸池的水平及受损核基因组的维持来引发机体衰老,最后研究者表示,线粒体DNA的突变对于机体衰老的作用还需要后期更为深入的研究来证实。

原始出处:
Riikka H., Juan C. Landoni, Kati J. Ahlqvist, et al. Defects in mtDNA replication challenge nuclear genome stability through nucleotide depletion and provide a unifying mechanism for mouse progerias, Nature Metabolism (2019). DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0120-1

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    2020-05-14 guojianrong
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    2020-01-21 liye789132251
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    2019-10-29 一闲
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    2020-09-21 habb
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    2019-10-12 闆锋旦

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