ACC 2018:PHARMCLO研究:抗血小板药物的精准治疗年代来临了吗?

2018-03-14 刘巍 中国医学论坛报今日循环

美国当地时间3月11日,PHARMCLO研究结果重磅发布,特邀首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院刘巍教授对该研究进行点评。

美国当地时间3月11日,PHARMCLO研究结果重磅发布,特邀首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院刘巍教授对该研究进行点评。

PHARMCLO研究

急性冠脉综合症的管理中,双联抗血小板药物尤其是P2Y12受体拮抗剂的应用是治疗的基石。但选择什么样的P2Y12受体拮抗剂一直是治疗争议的焦点。

一方面目前国际上指南推荐在ACS患者中首选应用的是强效抗血小板药物替格瑞洛或者普拉格雷,其次才是氯吡格雷,另一方面,尽管新型的P2Y12受体拮抗剂在抗栓效果方面更为优越,但是由于其出血的风险性,现实世界中氯吡格雷的应用仍是主流。

但氯吡格雷另一个局限性就是由于基因多态性而导致的个体化反应不同,目前对于选择何种P2Y12受体拮抗剂,参考的只能是患者的临床特征,我们迫切的需要一种精准的手段,但现阶段的临床证据和指南并不支持应用常规监测血小板的反应性来调整抗血小板药物。

刚刚在美国奥兰多ACC2018上公布的重磅试验PHARMCLO,在ACS患者中通过药物基因的个体化手段选择合适的抗血小板药物,无疑为此提供了新的证据和答案。

PHARMCLO研究:精准治疗使不良事件降低42%

此研究为在意大利进行的多中心前瞻性随机对照研究,ACS患者被随机分为:药物基因精准治疗组及传统治疗组。测定的基因为ABCB1,CYP2C19*2,CYP2C19*17,在床旁进行检测,结果在70min内获取。观察的终点事件为:心源性死亡,首次非致死性的心梗,非致死性的卒中以及BARC 3-5级出血。

共有888名患者入选,试验提前终止,结果显示,在常规治疗组氯吡格雷应用较多(50.7%对比43.3%),替格瑞洛在基因治疗组应用较多(42.6%对比32.7%P=0.02),普拉格雷在两组应用比例相似,但主要终点事件在基因治疗组明显低于常规治疗组(15.9%对比25.9%,HR 0.58,95%CI 0.43-0.78,P<0.001)。



图 主要研究结果

结果显示了个体化抗血小板精准治疗可以减少缺血及出血事件。试验的结果令人鼓舞,为抗血小板药物的精准化选择带来曙光。

仔细分析此试验,仍有许多细节问题值得探讨,PHARMCLO研究带来什么样的新证据?对指导我国医生的临床实践又有什么样的临床意义呢?

1 试验虽然因伦理而提前终止,但仍可证实个体化治疗改善预后

根据样本量的计算,按12个月事件的发生率为25%,降低事件率为20%,实际所需要的样本量为每组1806人。但最后入选888人,仅为样本量的25%,主要原因是意大利伦理委员会认为试验所应用的基因监测手段ST Q3用于人体诊断的证书还未被批准,强迫提前终止,所以试验结果不排除机会性所致。

而另一方面,研究者也重申,样本量的计算本身就可能过高,尽管如此,可以确定的是应用基因的个体化选择药物无疑能改善临床预后,但其有效性的程度还很难讲,有待于进一步更为严格和标准化的研究结果公布。

2 什么样的人群需要抗血小板精准化治疗

究竟什么样的冠心病人群更需要精准的治疗,本研究提供的线索无疑会引发国人的思考。与国内泛指的ACS人群不同,在本研究所纳入的ACS人群基本上为ST段抬高心梗(27.5%)或为NSTEMI(67.8%),急性冠脉综合症的诊断需符合以下至少两个条件。1.缺血时间>20min;2.心电图两个相邻导联ST段抬高或者降低至少1 mm,典型的肌钙蛋白I或者T的动态性变化,而且超过正常上限。最后纳入的受试者中接受PCI治疗占62.6%,CABG 10.7%。

本试验和既往相似但阴性的研究相比,产生结果的差异主要也可能是因为入选人群的不同。昨天刚刚发布于ACC2018的ADAPT-PCI研究,评估基因检测指导制定支架植入术后抗血小板药物治疗方案的可行性。结果却显示根据基因进行药物选择,虽然增加了新型P2Y12受体拮抗剂的应用却未能改变临床预后。所以在高危的急性冠脉综合症(主要是STEMI和NSTEMI),应用精准化治疗获益更明显。

此结论与TRITON TIMI38研究的结论相似,在最适合与最不适合的基因类型患者中,死亡、非致死性心梗及非致死性卒中等结局之间的相对差值高达50%。

3 精准治疗能否成为抗血小板用药的唯一标准

本试验强调了精准治疗的有效性,但绝对不能认为精准的手段可以替代我们对患者病情的评估,尤其是对缺血和出血风险的评估。

在本研究中个体化的P2Y12仍要评估患者的临床因素:如年龄,体重,糖尿病,既往卒中,脑出血,出血风险,贫血,慢性肾功能不全等因素。提示我们在ACS患者抗血小板药物的选择中,仍要依靠GRACE缺血,CRUSADE出血评分等进行评估,联合基因监测进行个体化的评估。

4 国内研究将为指南制定提供重要依据

在P2Y12受体拮抗剂的治疗中,东亚人群是不同于西方白种人的群体,有东亚悖论之说,即有较高的残余血小板高反应的同时,也有较高的出血风险。

北京安贞医院周玉杰教授,刘巍教授等在ESC上报告,并在国际知名杂志Platelet上发表的15457人的荟萃研究显示亚洲人群的CYP2C19基因缺失可增加支架内血栓的发生。

在本研究中也引用了中国学者的两篇随机对照的研究。前不久在Circulation上阜外医院杨跃进教授,唐熠达教授发表的Creative研究也证实根据血小板反应性来选择氯吡格雷加倍或者加用西洛他唑的三联治疗可以降低整体的事件。

来自于中国的证据越来越受到欧美指南制定者的重视,我们也期待未来几年在ACC上会有国内学者相关的研究出现。

5 基因检测的前景如何?

以CYP2C19基因为代表的基因监测系统在国内方兴未艾。PHARMCLO试验是否为此发了一颗定心丸呢?值得一提的是国内基因监测大多较为昂贵,5个氯吡格雷基因位点的监测需要3000元,而PHARMCLO试验所应用的STQ3系统则为指尖的快速诊断,通过real PCR实现对DNA的诊断,每次仅需70分钟,能快速廉价地为ACS患者的抗血小板药物治疗做出决策。我们也期待基因诊断系统的进一步改良和普及,实现真正意义的治疗精准化。

总之,根据药物基因组结合患者的临床特点对高危的ACS患者进行精准化的治疗,能够降低不良心血管事件。为这些患者P2Y12受体拮抗剂氯吡格雷,替格瑞洛的选择提供更为有力的证据,同时也可作为较强及较弱的P2Y12受体拮抗剂之间相互换药的依据。是否会改变指南,还有待于进一步大规模随机对照研究的证实,也特别需要更多中国和亚洲的经验。

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    2018-05-26 jj000001
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