CSA&TISC2019丨卵圆孔未闭和隐源性卒中的谜团解疑

2019-06-30 国际循环编辑部 国际循环

编者按:卵圆孔未闭(PFO)是一种常见的先天性心脏病,可通过反常性栓塞引起隐源性卒中(CS)。长期以来封堵治疗和药物治疗在预防CS复发方面一直存在争议,究竟哪一种治疗更优,PFO与CS存在怎样的关系?这均是亟待解决的问题。CSA&TISC 2019大会期间,中山大学附属第一医院范玉华教授在相关研究证据的基础上,详细解答了PFO与CS的关系,并指出很多待探讨的问题。

编者按:卵圆孔未闭(PFO)是一种常见的先天性心脏病,可通过反常性栓塞引起隐源性卒中(CS)。长期以来封堵治疗和药物治疗在预防CS复发方面一直存在争议,究竟哪一种治疗更优,PFO与CS存在怎样的关系?这均是亟待解决的问题。CSA&TISC 2019大会期间,中山大学附属第一医院范玉华教授在相关研究证据的基础上,详细解答了PFO与CS的关系,并指出很多待探讨的问题。

没有定义的变动概念

CS没有明确的定义,而且是一个随时间变动的概念。隐源性缺血性卒中是指经全面规范的检查过程,仍不能发现病因的缺血性卒中。其中,全面规范检查是指同步的脑结构影像、血管影像、心电图、超声心动图和必要实验室检查,以及相关危险因素的筛选,但事实是检查永远无法全面。

隐源性卒中之所以原因不明,主要因其病因或危险因素持续时间短暂,不易被检测到,如阵发性心房颤动;病因隐匿,不易被常规检查检测到,如卵圆孔未闭;两个或以上可能或潜在病因,不明确哪一个是真正的病因;重视不够,如降主动脉斑块、静脉系统病变;目前,病因确实无法发现,包括对疾病的认识和检测手段不成熟。

CS的现状

CS约占所有卒中的10%~40%,由于定义不同、筛查技术不同和对充分筛查的定义不同等差异,以及目前已知超过200种以上缺血性卒中病因需排除。CS的比例随诊断技术的改进有所下降,从70年代的40%降低至现在的10%~15%。对CS尚无公认的评估流程,全美国每年大约12~18万的CS患者。

大多数长期随访研究发现,CS的患者复发风险低。迄今最大的长期随访研究,纳入18~55岁的CS患者,随访发现首年的卒中复发率仅1.9%,而第2~4年平均卒中复发率为0.8%。然而,Lancet Neurology杂志的一项研究在2555例首次发作的CS患者中,32%的患者预后和复发率与大动脉疾病和脑小血管病患者相当,患者6个月时的死亡率和致残比例为23%,10年复发率为32%,这一比例不容小觑。

此外,患者的年龄不同,病因也大多不同。18~30岁的年轻患者,多因动脉夹层、血栓性紫癜和先天性心脏病发病。31~60岁的患者,常为早发型动脉粥样硬化和获得性心脏结构性病变。60岁以上的患者,隐源性心房颤动为主要病因。

CS的诊断思路

CS是一种除外性诊断,排除已知病因,尤其是需根据患者的病史特点及体格检查信息,并需设立实验室检查和影像学检查的策略。目前,CS的评估尚存在一定难度:高风险的斑块未必与重度狭窄相关;颅内动脉斑块可堵塞穿支动脉的开口(穿支动脉疾病);病因可为短暂性或自发缓解(如阵发性心房颤动);诊断技术受限,尤其是非教学医院。

PFO与缺血性卒中

虽然PFO在隐源性缺血性卒中患者中发生率很高,但并不意味着只要发现PFO就找到了原因不明脑梗死的确切原因。PFO在合并其他影响因素情况下发生缺血性卒中的风险更大,明确这些危险因素,有助于决定是否采取更积极的治疗措施。

PFO是引起缺血性卒中的影响因素。分流大的PFO可使各种来源的栓子更容易通过房间隔进入动脉系统,因而PFO的分流量直接影响缺血性卒中的发生几率,且分流大的PFO比分流小的PFO发生缺血性卒中的可能性更大。另外,PFO合并房间隔瘤较单纯PFO引起缺血性卒中风险更大。在对581例隐源性卒中患者的4年随访研究中,发现单纯PFO的卒中再发率为2.3%,PFO合并房间隔瘤则为15.2%。血栓是常见的栓子,PFO导致的反常性栓塞很可能合并高凝状态。合并PFO的隐源性缺血性卒中患者,因子ⅤLeiden(FVL)或凝血酶原基因突变的比例更高于普通人群,因此,PFO合并高凝状态发生卒中的可能性更大。

结语

PFO是缺血性卒中的病因之一,需进行筛查,也需判断PFO的特征。封堵和药物的联合治疗较单纯药物治疗进一步降低卒中复发,在较大分流以及合并房间隔瘤膨出瘤的患者更为突出,但关于PFO与隐源性卒中的发病仍有较多问题需进一步研究探索。

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    2019-07-02 yankaienglish
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    2019-07-01 百草

    666

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    2019-07-01 thm112988

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    2019-07-01 健健

    卒中虽然是临床上常见病,溶栓,取栓等血管内治疗也很成熟,但是仍然有很多未知问题有待认知!

    0

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    2019-06-30 百草

    666

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