Transplantation:移植中腺病毒感染的临床治疗方法

2021-12-13 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

目前尚无美国食品药品监督管理局批准的腺病毒治疗;然而,几项研究评价了治疗选择,包括西多福韦、brincidofovir和免疫治疗

目前尚无美国食品药品监督管理局批准的腺病毒治疗;然而,几项研究评价了治疗选择,包括西多福韦、brincidofovir和免疫治疗

治疗原则

感染的主要管理包括减少免疫抑制。由于尚无明确指南,移植和移植传染病团队应讨论哪种药物可降低免疫抑制和降低免疫抑制程度。我们机构通常从减少抗代谢物开始。这种免疫抑制降低通常持续至检测不到病毒载量或尿液中持续低水平病毒载量(如果稳定低水平数周)。通过这种方法,患者可能有持续的体征和症状,但通常在2周内血液或尿液中的病毒载量降低。

治疗方法取决于许多因素,包括免疫抑制的净状态、感染部位和播散程度。例如,即使是有症状的AdV HC和移植肾炎伴病毒血症,大多数患者也可能需要减少免疫抑制。考虑到替代药物的显著毒性,抗病毒药物通常保留用于进展性或危及生命的感染患者。

 

在HSCT中,通常根据与病毒载量相关的免疫抑制水平考虑治疗,重度免疫抑制患者可能需要100 cp/mL病毒载量检测治疗,而相对较多的免疫重组患者可能具有较高的阈值10000 cp/mL。而在SOT中,在重度疾病或病毒载量对数增加 > 1.0的情况下可考虑治疗。在现有药物中,大多数研究集中于利巴韦林和西多福韦;现有数据表明,西多福韦及其脂质酯类似物brincidofovir可能提供最高可能性的抗病毒疗效。

1. 西多福韦

当需要治疗时,尽管西多福韦具有潜在毒性,但大多数使用西多福韦。西多福韦必须静脉给药,剂量可为5 mg/kg,每1-2周一次或1 mg/kg,每周3次。尽管有体外和体内疗效的记录,但迄今为止显著的毒性限制了西多福韦更广泛的使用。毒性包括肾毒性、骨髓抑制和葡萄膜炎。为避免肾毒性,在输注前后使用至少500 mL生理盐水确保患者在给药前后充分补水至关重要。

此外,丙磺舒应在西多福韦给药前3h给予2g和给药后2h和8h给予1g。如果患者出现肾毒性,目前尚无明确的指南,而是应根据疾病严重程度的获益风险评估继续使用西多福韦。

由于存在肾毒性风险,因此仅在未经治疗不太可能恢复的患者中使用该疗法至关重要。当使用较低剂量方案时,西多福韦的使用与突破性CMV感染和CMV耐药的发生相关。持续时间取决于可检测病毒的清除和临床应答。尽管大多数接受治疗的患者对治疗有反应(见表2),但一些患者出现疾病进展,通常是致死性的。

表2:西多福韦治疗实体器官移植患者腺病毒的研究

2. brincidofovir

为了克服西多福韦的大部分毒性并允许口服给药,brincidofovir被开发为西多福韦的脂质酯前体药物。目前已被批准用于治疗天花,但已在同情用药和抗AdV的临床研究中使用。与西多福韦相比,Brincidofovir似乎增加了抗AdV的体外疗效,且肾脏和骨髓毒性较小。此外,brincidofovir具有极好的口服生物利用度,除了极好的细胞渗透性外,还允许每周给药1-2次。在HSCT和SOT患者中均证实了成功的临床缓解。在接受brincidofovir治疗的患者中,治疗有效的患者病毒清除的平均时间为4wk。药物的主要副作用是腹泻,似乎具有剂量依赖性,在临床上与GI GVHD难以区分。不幸的是,brincidofovir不再被开发用于AdV。如果临床可用,考虑到其与西多福韦相比增强的安全性特征,它可能是治疗临床显著腺病毒感染的最佳选择。

3. 细胞免疫治疗

鉴于细胞免疫应答在AdV清除中的核心作用,正在研究重建细胞对AdV应答的方法,包括使用AdV和多病毒特异性T细胞输注。

这些治疗被证明耐受性更好,毒性更小,甚至可能提示死亡获益。74%接受输注的患者AdV感染完全或部分缓解。T细胞给药取决于各种因素,包括GVHD、HLA匹配和生成方法,在HLA不匹配/半相合供体中,受体体重CD3 + 细胞的最高剂量通常为2.5 × 104/kg,在HLA匹配供体中为1 × 105/kg。

虽然这些外源性“现成”细胞仍然是实验性的,但它们显示出了希望,目前正处于III期临床试验阶段。

4. 其他

利巴韦林但在人体中似乎没有显著的抗adv活性,通常不推荐用于治疗严重的腺病毒感染。硝唑尼特可能具有一定的活性,因为它靶向病毒的蛋白质复制过程。有限的体外数据表明,其可能有助于治疗肠炎或轻度至中度疾病,并可在门诊使用。

其他研究的药物,包括阿糖腺苷、双脱氧胞苷和更昔洛韦,可能有活性,但它们治疗腺病毒感染的疗效仍不太有前景。尽管大多数AdV相关结膜炎是自限性的,但N-氯牛磺酸(一种抗菌药物)已被证明可缩短地方性角膜结膜炎的病程。IVIG对移植受者AdV感染的治疗无作用。

 

总之,评价减少免疫抑制作用的多学科方法应是第一步。AdV的治疗通常仅限于严重感染和播散性疾病。治疗选择相当有限,大多数机构倾向于西多福韦或brincidofovir(如果有的话)。治疗通常持续至连续2次PCR检测检测不到病毒,然后恢复免疫抑制。

 

原文链接:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34856601/

Adenovirus Infection and Transplantation

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encodeId=2b611399313d6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cac364650c0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#治疗方法#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64650, encryptionId=cac364650c0, topicName=治疗方法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8cec2200006, createdName=showtest, createdTime=Sat Dec 11 07:05:40 CST 2021, time=2021-12-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1525840, encodeId=a37b1525840ec, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c93e228e889' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床治疗#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22878, encryptionId=c93e228e889, topicName=临床治疗)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a68911667380, createdName=xuyong527, createdTime=Sat Dec 11 07:05:40 CST 2021, time=2021-12-11, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-10-30 bsmagic9140
  6. 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    2021-12-13 今天明天aaaaaaf9

    神针头晕目眩

    0

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    2021-12-13 查查佳佳

    气管哮喘是一种常见的呼吸道疾病,急性发老脱毛病

    0

  8. 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