JCI:星形胶质细胞或为JCV主要感染靶标

2014-11-21 王英 生物通

最近,研究人员对一种罕见但却致命的脑部感染有了新的认识,这种疾病称为进行性多灶性白质脑病(PML)。这种疾病是由JC病毒(JCV)引起,最常见于免疫系统受抑制的人当中,直到现在,科学家们还没有有效的方法来研究它或测试新的治疗方法。 本文资深作者、美国罗彻斯特大学转化神经医学中心联合主任、神经学专家Steve Goldman博士指出:“JC病毒是特别感染神经胶质细胞(大脑的支持细

最近,研究人员对一种罕见但却致命的脑部感染有了新的认识,这种疾病称为进行性多灶性白质脑病PML)。这种疾病是由JC病毒(JCV)引起,最常见于免疫系统受抑制的人当中,直到现在,科学家们还没有有效的方法来研究它或测试新的治疗方法。

本文资深作者、美国罗彻斯特大学转化神经医学中心联合主任、神经学专家Steve Goldman博士指出:“JC病毒是特别感染神经胶质细胞(大脑的支持细胞)。因为这种病毒只感染人类神经胶质细胞,而不感染其他物种的脑细胞,因此我们一直都很难了解这种疾病。为了解决这个问题,我们已经制备出一种新的小鼠模型,可让我们在活体动物中研究人类神经胶质细胞。”

JC病毒是很常见的,据估计,70%到90%的美国人都曾经接触过它,并以休眠的形式携带这种病毒。对于其中绝大多数人来说,病毒不会变得有传染性,或者在他们一生中不会引发任何疾病。

然而,在免疫系统受损——因为疾病或服用免疫抑制药物——的一些人当中,病毒可能变得活跃并最终进入大脑。一旦到达那里,病毒就能引发PML,一种几乎是致命的大脑白质感染。

在20世纪50和60年代,PML首次在白血病和淋巴瘤患者中发现,但是在20世纪80年代艾滋病流行期间,它变得更加普遍,先于抗逆转录病毒治疗的广泛使用。最近,在接受长期免疫抑制治疗的自身免疫疾病(如多发性硬化症)患者中越来越多地观察到PML。

直到现在,研究这种疾病的进展或测试新的疗法,几乎是不可能的,因为这种病毒只攻击一种特定的人类脑细胞类型,称为神经胶质细胞。它不影响小鼠的神经胶质细胞,或者在其他任何动物中通常用来研究疾病机制,因此使其很难研究。

神经胶质细胞由两种主要类别的细胞组成:星形胶质细胞——大脑的主要支持细胞;少突胶质细胞——髓脂的来源;隔离大脑神经纤维的白质脂肪组织。

这一新发现发表在2014年11月17日的《临床研究杂志》(Journal of Clinical Investigation),是利用罗彻斯特大学开发的新工具进行的一项研究所得出的结果。去年,Goldman和Maiken Nedergaard博士报道称,他们制备出一种小鼠模型,其大脑由动物神经元和人类神经胶质细胞组成。而之前的研究主要专注于这一事实:人类细胞本质上会使小鼠更聪明,同时它创建了一种强大的新平台,可让研究人员在活体成年动物中研究人类神经胶质细胞,包括影响这些细胞的疾病。

此前,科学家认为,JC病毒攻击和杀死少突胶质细胞,从而破坏大脑生产髓鞘的能力。这一结论已经达成,因为PML患者的验尸和MRI扫描结果显示脑白质的损失,脑白质主要是由髓鞘组成。

利用新的动物模型,Goldman和他的研究小组能够跟踪JC病毒感染的影响,因为它实时地展开。他们观察到,实际上,病毒的最初靶标是星形胶质细胞,在较小程度上,是神经胶质祖细胞——产生星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞的细胞。星形胶质细胞作为病毒复制和变异的寄主,到细胞以连锁反应样模式逐一爆炸和传播感染的地步。

由于星形胶质细胞发挥重要的支持作用,随着它们相继死去,其他细胞(包括少突胶质细胞)受到影响。一旦大脑中的病毒载量达到一个临界点,该病毒最终会感染并杀死少突胶质细胞,但是这些细胞并不负责疾病在大脑中的传播。一旦少突胶质细胞开始相继死去,髓鞘就丧失,因为神经胶质祖细胞也被病毒靶定,大脑就失去了补充缺失髓鞘的能力。

Goldman说:“我们一直着眼于错误的细胞群体。星形胶质细胞似乎是病毒的主要靶标,少突胶质细胞基本上是被卷入这场交火的无辜旁观者。”

现在,这些发现使研究人员把重点放在可能的新方法上,以确定该疾病的早期症状,以及开发新的治疗方法。例如,在脑白质缺失表现临床诊断之前很久,PML患者就经常抱怨混乱和其他认知问题。Goldman推测,这可能是星形胶质细胞早期损失的结果,已知这有助于大脑中的坐标信号传输。新的小鼠模型还允许研究人员测试新的治疗方法,专门靶定感染的星形胶质细胞,同时保护它们附近未受感染的细胞。

原始出处:

Kondo Y, Windrem MS, Zou L, Chandler-Militello D, Schanz SJ, Auvergne RM, Betstadt SJ, Harrington AR, Johnson M, Kazarov A, Gorelik L, Goldman SA.Human glial chimeric mice reveal astrocytic dependence of JC virus infection.J Clin Invest. 2014 Nov 17. pii: 76629. doi: 10.1172/JCI76629. [Epub ahead of print]

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    2014-11-23 zhaojie88
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