eLife:光遗传学新突破,调控肠道微生物,延长寿命

2021-09-26 “生物世界”公众号 “生物世界”公众号

人类和其他哺乳动物一样,身体被包括细菌、病毒和真菌在内的数万亿微生物占据,这些微生物被统称为共生菌群。从某种意义上来说,“人”是一个由人类和共生菌群组成的多元复合体。

人类和其他哺乳动物一样,身体被包括细菌、病毒和真菌在内的数万亿微生物占据,这些微生物被统称为共生菌群。从某种意义上来说,“人”是一个由人类和共生菌群组成的多元复合体。

更重要的是,共生菌群并非一成不变,在成长过程中,我们经历了不同的环境,遇到了不同的人,我们体内的共生菌群也随之不断变化,大量的肠道微生物组学研究表明,人体共生菌群能在一定程度上影响着我们的健康、体质、性格,甚至是思维和寿命。

近日,美国贝勒医学院和莱斯大学的研究人员在 eLife 上发表题为:Optogenetic control of gut bacterial metabolism to promote longevity(光遗传学控制肠道细菌代谢,促进长寿)的研究论文。

这项研究发现,绿色光可以诱导大肠杆菌产生荚膜异多糖酸(colanic acid),从而保护肠道细胞免受压力诱导的细胞损伤,并成功延长了线虫的寿命。研究人员表示,光遗传学或许将在未来成为一种微调宿主肠道内的细菌代谢以提供健康效益的新方法。

光遗传学(optogenetics),是一项整合了光学、软件控制、基因操作技术以及电生理等多学科交叉的技术。

2005年,斯坦福大学 Karl Deisseroth 实验室通过在神经细胞中表达光敏蛋白,响应不同波长的光刺激实现对神经功能的调控。

自此,人类正式拥有了精准操控大脑的工具。近年来,光遗传学技术在神经生物学领域作出了巨大贡献。但值得注意的是,光周期现象在自然生物中十分普遍,光遗传学技术的应用远不止于神经生物学和脑科学领域。

在此项研究中,研究小组对大肠杆菌进行了基因改造,使其能在遇到绿光时产生延长寿命的物质——荚膜异多糖酸(colanic acid),并在遇到红光时停止这种物质的产生。

他们发现,用绿光照射携带改造过的大肠杆菌的秀丽隐杆线虫,可以诱导细菌产生荚膜异多糖酸,并保护线虫的肠道细胞免受压力导致的线粒体分裂。

秀丽隐杆线虫肠道细菌基因表达的光遗传学调控

值得一提的是,近些年的研究不断表明,线粒体在衰老过程中扮演着越来越重要的角色。事实上,研究人员也发现,当暴露在绿光下时,携带这种基因改造大肠杆菌的线虫活得更长。并且,光线越强,其寿命延长越多。

荚膜异多糖酸的生物合成与绿光强度存在剂量效应

这也意味着,宿主的健康和寿命在与肠道细菌产生的荚膜异多糖酸存在一定程度上的剂量效应!光遗传学提供了一种在时间、数量和空间上可控地操纵肠道细菌代谢并增强宿主适应性的直接方法。

研究的通讯作者之一Meng Wang博士表示:“我们使用光遗传学、光和转基因光敏蛋白质相结合的方法来调节宿主肠道细菌的代谢,以此有针对性地观察肠道细菌对宿主健康和寿命的影响。”

光遗传学调控的荚膜异多糖酸生物合成延长了线虫的寿命

总而言之,这项研究表明,我们可以通过光遗传学的方法微调肠道细菌,使之分泌更多的有益物质,例如荚膜异多糖酸,以此对抗与年龄有关的健康问题。不仅如此,未来我们还可以使用这一方法来揭示微生物代谢驱动宿主生理变化并影响宿主健康和疾病的其他机制。

原始出处:

Lucas A Hartsough, Mooncheol Park, Matthew V Kotlajich, et al. Optogenetic control of gut bacterial metabolism to promote longevity. eLife, 2021.

 

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    2022-07-08 clmlylxy
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    2022-06-05 膀胱癌
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    2021-09-27 与狼共舞

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