西安“双疫”来袭,草莓不会传播出血热!

2021-12-20 Shirley MedSci原创

近日,西安各大医院已相继接诊多例出血热患者,和新冠疫情一起duble kill。这一场出血热疫情并不是突入起来,而是早有渊源。出血热到底是什么?真的会通过草莓传播吗?

近日,西安各大医院已相继接诊多例出血热患者,伴着西安的新冠疫情,让西安今年的冬天注定不好度过。

随之,“吃草莓会的出血热“的谣言一石激情千层浪,给西安的莓农重重一击。

网传微信截图

什么是出血热?草莓真的会传播出血热吗?得了出血热会有怎样的症状?它真的又这么可怕吗?他的预后又如何呢?

一、什么是出血热

此次西安的出血热全称是流行性出血热,又称肾综合征出血热(hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, HFRS),是一种继发于汉坦病毒感染的临床疾病。

汉坦病毒是一种有囊膜的RNA 病毒,属于布尼亚病毒科。该病毒直接从啮齿动物传播给人类,无需中间载体。汉坦病毒在世界各地的流行地区都有发现,啮齿动物是它们的常见宿主。人们通过吸入含有病毒的气溶胶(尿液、唾液或粪便)或被啮齿动物咬伤而感染。该疾病不会在人与人之间传播

现已发现正汉坦病毒有约24个血清型。汉坦病毒是古老病毒,几乎与自然宿主鼠类共进化,不同鼠类携带不同血清型病毒,所致疾病临床表现和轻重程度也不相同。汉滩型病毒(Hantaanvirus,HTNV)也称为I型或野鼠型,主要为野外黑线姬鼠携带,引起的HFRS病情较重;汉城型病毒(Seoulvirus,SEOV)也称为Ⅱ型或家鼠型,主要为褐家鼠携带,引起的HFRS病情相对较轻。近年来,我国也发现了Ⅲ型正汉坦病毒,即普马拉病毒,但临床意义小,至今未确认临床病例。我国主要存在I型、Ⅱ型和混合型三种疫区,陕西省属于I型病毒感染为绝对优势的HFRS混合型疫区。

二、出血热在我国的现状

回顾中国古籍发现,大约公元960年就记载了符合此病的综合征。目前,中国是全世界受肾综合征出血热危害最为严重的国家,陕西省特别是关中地区为该病的高发区。

根据国家卫生健康委员会统计数据,自1950年以来中国已报告超过1650,000例患者,其中死亡病例超过47,000 人,总病死率约 2.89%。2004-2015年,陕西省和东北三省是全国HFRS的重灾区。

三、出血热的机制

HFRS是一种严重的全身炎症反应性疾病,血管内皮受损导致的血管通透性增加和出血是该病最基本的病理生理变化,是该病发生发展过程与临床表现的基础。小血管内皮损伤导致血管壁的通透性增加,从 而引起血管渗漏、血浆外渗,产生组织水肿、疼痛、血液浓缩、低血压、休克等表现。肾小球和肾小管直接损伤以及低血压休克造成的继发性损害是该病肾脏损伤的主要原因。

四、出血热的临床症状

潜伏期4-46d,一般为7-14d。HFES典型临床表现是发热、渗出水肿、充血出血和肾脏损害,多有发热期、低血压休克期、少尿期、多尿期和恢复期五期。

发热期:急性起兵,主要表现为感染中毒症状、毛细血管损伤及肾脏损伤相应的症状和体征。

低血压休克期:血压下降,心率、脉搏增长;面色与口唇苍白或发绀,肢端发凉、皮肤发花;烦躁不安,继之可出现谵妄、嗜睡、昏睡、昏迷。④少尿或无尿。⑤中心静脉压(CVP)降低[<6mmHg(0.8kPa)]。

少尿期:少尿或无尿和氮质血症;肾性脑病;出血和贫血;高血容量综合征;电解质和酸碱平衡失衡;高血压。

多尿期:用利尿剂的情况下,24h尿量400~2000ml,称为移行阶段。24h尿量>2000ml,称为多尿早期。

恢复期:多数患者病后第3~4周开始恢复。24h尿量<2000ml(儿童24h尿量恢复到400ml/m^2以下)且BUN和Cr接近正常为进入恢复期的标志。

五、治疗

本病目前尚无特异性病原学治疗药物,主要针对各期的病理生理变化,进行综合性和预防性治疗。抓好“三早一就(指早发现、早休息、早治疗和就近在有条件的医院治疗,推荐在就近的2级以上医院治疗)”、把好“四关(包括休克、少尿、出血和脏器损害)”,对减轻病情、缩短病程和改善预后具有重要意义。

六、预防

 

建议HFRS疫区居民和外来人口的适龄人群接种出血热疫苗。

图源“西安疾病控制”公众号

除接种疫苗外,加强个人防护,养成良好卫生习惯也同样重要。

(1) 冬季尽量不去野外老鼠有可能生存的地方游玩,不在野外荒草地上坐卧、露营。避免与老鼠排泄物(尿、粪)或分泌物接触。在野外工作人员尽量穿长袖长裤,不露脚趾的户外鞋,以防被鼠类咬伤。

(2) 不在不卫生的小饭馆就餐;不吃生冷特别是容易被老鼠类污染的食物、水和饮料等。住宅、办公室不要裸露摆放正在食用的食物,以免招引老鼠。

(3) 要维持场所环境整洁卫生,室内外垃圾及时清理,杂物堆放定期整理,以减少老鼠的食物、隐蔽场所及鼠孳生地。在清理脏乱杂物和废弃物时,要戴口罩、帽子和手套等。

(4) 一旦出现发热、肌肉酸痛、皮肤出血点等症状应及时到综合医院诊治。

 

参考文献:

1,uptodate,临床顾问

2,黄长形,姜泓,白雪帆. 肾综合征出血热诊疗陕西省专家共识[J]. 陕西医学杂志,2019,48(03):275-288.

3.“西安疾病控制”微信公众号

4,Edmond Puca, et,Two cases of imported hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and systematic review of literature,Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease,Volume28,2019,doi.org/10.1016/j

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    2021-12-22 qilu_qi
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1569513, encodeId=5ea6156951377, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4bd6314e0f2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#出血热#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=31470, encryptionId=4bd6314e0f2, topicName=出血热)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f1a815510226, createdName=qilu_qi, createdTime=Wed Dec 22 07:01:57 CST 2021, time=2021-12-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1585003, encodeId=d8db158500370, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=60ae8e21987' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#草莓#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87219, encryptionId=60ae8e21987, topicName=草莓)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=efad17095399, createdName=wgsun, createdTime=Wed Dec 22 07:01:57 CST 2021, time=2021-12-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1082444, encodeId=df2010824444a, content=是一年过去了,一年一度的中科院分区也来, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=80, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIrrxxDxnLic8t6EAs38Qfwo6H2h6JMleIgb9OSYf6LMnVDkQEqUXWoSDWboibjhOBI9SJDTXweqQIA/132, createdBy=50aa5321359, createdName=查查佳佳, createdTime=Tue Dec 21 09:05:10 CST 2021, time=2021-12-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1082261, encodeId=692a1082261fd, content=预防最重要, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c582134862, createdName=1561fd8b97m, createdTime=Mon Dec 20 23:04:05 CST 2021, time=2021-12-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1082188, encodeId=4d4b10821886b, content=发热期:急性起兵(病)!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20151022/IMG5628BCC33CC685700.jpg, createdBy=22b21658310, createdName=xjzhbj, createdTime=Mon Dec 20 19:21:42 CST 2021, time=2021-12-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-12-22 wgsun
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    2021-12-21 查查佳佳

    是一年过去了,一年一度的中科院分区也来

    0

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    2021-12-20 1561fd8b97m

    预防最重要

    0

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    2021-12-20 xjzhbj

    发热期:急性起兵(病)!

    0

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