Nature:饮酒、排便质量,或一直在混淆肠道菌群的研究结果

2020-11-12 中国生物技术网 生物探索

众所周知,肠道微生物组对人体健康具有包括从心理健康到生理健康的一系列深远影响。然而,对于科学家来说,关于微生物组在人类疾病中作用的研究结果之间的不一致性是一个普遍挑战。

众所周知,肠道微生物组对人体健康具有包括从心理健康到生理健康的一系列深远影响。然而,对于科学家来说,关于微生物组在人类疾病中作用的研究结果之间的不一致性是一个普遍挑战。已知肠道菌群的组成与某些疾病(如帕金森症)存在关联,但很难解释这种关联仅仅是相关性、健康状况的结果,还是疾病的原因或贡献。因此,这限制了鉴定宿主相关微生物和病理学之间因果关系的能力。

肠道菌群组成中个体间的广泛差异加剧了获得假阳性的风险,这可能是由于人类生活方式和生理变量在人群范围内的差异,从而对微生物组产生不同影响。

近日,发表在《Nature》上的一项新研究中,来自美国国立卫生研究院国家过敏和传染病研究所免疫系统生物学实验室领导的研究团队,通过分析患有某种特定疾病和健康人群之间的生理和生活方式差异,识别可能与肠道菌群组成有关的异质性,来寻找潜在的混淆变量。他们将饮酒频率和排便质量确定为肠道菌群差异的强大来源。

《科学家》杂志就这篇新研究采访了该研究的通讯作者、美国国家过敏和传染病研究所的博士后免疫学家Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin。

《科学家》:是什么原因促使你撰写这篇论文?

Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin:我一直在研究肠道微生物如何影响艾滋病毒(HIV)感染者的健康。在这一领域有一个有趣的发现:在美国和许多西欧国家,HIV感染者的主要人群是男性,他们与男性发生了性关系。然而,与男性发生性行为的男性肠道微生物组组成与与女性发生性行为的男性存在很大差异。

我们在这一领域进行的一些研究中,我们把男性与男性发生性关系的HIV感染者与与女性发生性关系的未感染者进行了比较。在那些研究中,我们不仅发现了与HIV有关的差异,还发现了与性取向有关的差异,而我们真正想要的只是识别那些因HIV而不同的细菌。

从这个意义上讲,我们可以说,这些研究被性偏好混淆了。事实证明,尽管HIV确实对肠道微生物组产生了影响,但我们未曾预料到的其他因素对它的影响要大得多。这让我们倒退了一步,我们不禁要问,还有哪些我们完全不知道且令人困惑的变量?哪些变量可能会混淆疾病受试者与未患病受试者之间的比较,还没有一个详尽的检查。因此,这促使了我写了这篇文章。

《科学家》:你还发现了哪些令人惊讶的混淆变量?

Vujkovic-Cvijin:有一些因素在文献中被描述为对微生物组有着重大影响,并且已经开始被纳入年龄和性别等研究设计中。但我们惊讶地发现,饮酒和排便质量(大便是否松散、坚硬或正常),是许多疾病的主要混淆因素。我不能说这是这个领域所欣赏的东西,但它肯定是一个意想不到的结果。

这两个因素似乎对微生物组有着很强的影响,重要的是,它们在有疾病的人和没有疾病的人之间经常是不同的。对于患病的人来说,饮酒会改变什么?例如,我们服用的药物通常会限制限制饮酒。而肠道运动功能往往受到某些疾病的影响。我们希望未来的研究能考虑到这两个因素。

在免疫系统、对传染病及对其他慢性病的易感性方面,我们每个人都是独一无二的。生物学在很多方面,尝试去理解是什么导致了人们的反应方式不同。当然,我们知道不同人群的微生物组是非常不同的。有人估计,按照某种分类,我和你拥有的细菌只有10%是相同的。但我们对此很兴奋,我们可以扩大我们的理解,厘清导致这种差异的决定因素。

《科学家》:你能分享一份关于饮酒的调查结果吗?

Vujkovic-Cvijin:关于这方面,我们确实看到了一个非常依赖剂量的效应。一个人饮酒越多,对微生物组的影响就越大。即使只是偶尔饮酒,如每周一到两次,也会对微生物组产生可测量的影响。我们认为很有趣的一件事是,酒精本身在实验室用作消毒剂,人们可能期望酒精同样能杀死肠道中的一些细菌,以减少肠道微生物组的多样性,但我们实际上发现了这起到了相反的效果,多样性的增加也是剂量依赖性的。这些发现着实有趣,但关于它对健康的具体影响我们没有弄清楚。

《科学家》:可否分享一些你的方法?

Vujkovic-Cvijin:科学数据对微生物领域的贡献让我们兴奋不已。所以我们所做的就是利用世界上最大的公开数据集,研究人类活动中的肠道微生物组。除了这些庞大的样本外,我们还给每个参与者发放了非常详细的调查问卷,涉及一百多个问题。其中有很多关于每个样本的信息,可以用来确定对微生物组有最大影响的变量。

我们选择使用机器学习的方法,机器学习的一个很好的组成部分是交叉验证的概念,把一部分在一个变量上不同的参与者,比如说老年人和年轻人,从比较的总样本中抽取一个子集,然后检查微生物组中的哪些模式区分了这两个群体。对于算法中没有观察到的对象,将测试在第一个子集中发现的模式是否稳健,并且是否在未看到的对象中也被观察到。

这是一种非常有效的方法来评估给定变量对微生物组影响的强度和可复制性。我们可以谨慎地量化它,而且我们对数据集中的所有变量都这样做了,并根据它们的重要性对其进行了排序。

《科学家》:你对微生物学家或阅读微生物学文献的人有什么建议?

Vujkovic-Cvijin:基于这些发现,我们提出了人类微生物组研究的建议,以获取有关这些变量的信息。临床研究通常不会收集这两项数据,而年龄、BMI和性别则更具有代表性。我们建议扩大收集到的信息变量,如果可能的话,在被比较的组之间匹配这些变量,因为它们在肠道菌群有中发挥着作用,我们希望减少实际研究中这些混杂变量的影响,取而代之的是将研究结果聚焦到真正有意义的疾病研究领域。

原始出处:

Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin, Jack Sklar, Lingjing Jiang, et al.Host variables confound gut microbiota studies of human disease.Nature. 2020 Nov 4. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2881-9.

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    2021-04-23 kkunny
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    2021-01-16 liye789132251
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    2020-12-19 kenny_lyt

    受教了

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1739558, encodeId=c8921e39558e9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8041e343504' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研究结果#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73435, encryptionId=8041e343504, topicName=研究结果)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=bbcd34536678, createdName=1249894fm84暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Apr 02 22:24:32 CST 2021, time=2021-04-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1634612, encodeId=157416346125d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d3d5661e2b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#排便#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56617, encryptionId=8d3d5661e2b, topicName=排便)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a25722217738, createdName=kkunny, createdTime=Fri Apr 23 00:24:32 CST 2021, time=2021-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1884788, encodeId=13651884e8838, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Sat Jan 16 13:24:32 CST 2021, time=2021-01-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=909382, encodeId=cc4690938232, content=受教了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201216/43dccebe460840c88461600da1c7e9b4/d9602aaff54441aeb388f3452b1612a4.jpg, createdBy=fa051794018, createdName=kenny_lyt, createdTime=Sat Dec 19 14:55:03 CST 2020, time=2020-12-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=902939, encodeId=b92d9029392d, content=值得学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=89ff5133050, createdName=圆肥仔, createdTime=Fri Nov 27 21:09:29 CST 2020, time=2020-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1392420, encodeId=505f1392420cd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=223081e33b6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肠道菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81733, encryptionId=223081e33b6, topicName=肠道菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=aa292500107, createdName=1249897bm37(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Nov 14 06:24:32 CST 2020, time=2020-11-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=898730, encodeId=7da5898e30fd, content=肠道微生物太火了,居然还能跟机器学习结合在一起,学习了!<a href='/topic/show?id=6ebc81e3482' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肠道菌群#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81734, encryptionId=6ebc81e3482, topicName=肠道菌群)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210607/9f00a0de660e4b36b77a9a5f7620d6bf/98c22b17ddf7446fa7b9a618fabcb9f7.jpg, createdBy=a8fb2299762, createdName=Psycho.Dr Du, createdTime=Thu Nov 12 15:57:39 CST 2020, time=2020-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-11-27 圆肥仔

    值得学习

    0

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  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1739558, encodeId=c8921e39558e9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8041e343504' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研究结果#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73435, encryptionId=8041e343504, topicName=研究结果)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=bbcd34536678, createdName=1249894fm84暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Apr 02 22:24:32 CST 2021, time=2021-04-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1634612, encodeId=157416346125d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d3d5661e2b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#排便#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56617, encryptionId=8d3d5661e2b, topicName=排便)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=a25722217738, createdName=kkunny, createdTime=Fri Apr 23 00:24:32 CST 2021, time=2021-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1884788, encodeId=13651884e8838, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Sat Jan 16 13:24:32 CST 2021, time=2021-01-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=909382, encodeId=cc4690938232, content=受教了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20201216/43dccebe460840c88461600da1c7e9b4/d9602aaff54441aeb388f3452b1612a4.jpg, createdBy=fa051794018, createdName=kenny_lyt, createdTime=Sat Dec 19 14:55:03 CST 2020, time=2020-12-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=902939, encodeId=b92d9029392d, content=值得学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=89ff5133050, createdName=圆肥仔, createdTime=Fri Nov 27 21:09:29 CST 2020, time=2020-11-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1392420, encodeId=505f1392420cd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=223081e33b6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肠道菌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81733, encryptionId=223081e33b6, topicName=肠道菌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=aa292500107, createdName=1249897bm37(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sat Nov 14 06:24:32 CST 2020, time=2020-11-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=898730, encodeId=7da5898e30fd, content=肠道微生物太火了,居然还能跟机器学习结合在一起,学习了!<a href='/topic/show?id=6ebc81e3482' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肠道菌群#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=121, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81734, encryptionId=6ebc81e3482, topicName=肠道菌群)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20210607/9f00a0de660e4b36b77a9a5f7620d6bf/98c22b17ddf7446fa7b9a618fabcb9f7.jpg, createdBy=a8fb2299762, createdName=Psycho.Dr Du, createdTime=Thu Nov 12 15:57:39 CST 2020, time=2020-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-11-12 Psycho.Dr Du

    肠道微生物太火了,居然还能跟机器学习结合在一起,学习了!#肠道菌群#

    0

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酒精饮料是最重要的饮品之一,在全世界范围内有近20亿名消费者,然而,在另一方面,饮酒却给人类带来了巨大的健康负担;饮酒造成了大约10%的伤残调整寿命年。

Science Advances:基因突变和饮酒的结合增加了东亚人患胃癌的风险

胃癌(GC)是一种十分常见的消化道肿瘤,由于胃癌起病比较隐匿,症状不典型,多数没有症状,或者是只有胃部不适、食欲不振、胃痛等症状,很容易被人们误认为是胃炎、胃溃疡等疾病,很难引起重视

Jama Network Open:超10万人研究,酒精相关的意识丧失可增加老年痴呆的风险

想饮酒又想远离痴呆风险?千万不要喝到“烂醉如泥”

Nature 劝你别熬夜!通过生活方式预防和治疗高血压

全球约1/3成人患有高血压。在过去的十年里,由于高血压导致的死亡人数上升了56.1%。尽管药物治疗已取得长足进展,高血压仍是全球早死的主要原因。