双种植钉牵引拔除高危下颌水平阻生智牙8例报道

2019-07-25 马晓晴 项飞 秦飞 上海口腔医学

整体下牙列远移是骨性Ⅲ类掩饰性治疗常选用的治疗方案,但治疗前需拔除下颌智牙。对于水平阻生且紧邻下牙槽神经管的病例,直接拔除引起下唇麻木的风险较大。正畸牵引拔除是通过周围骨组织改建促进智牙移位离开神经管,减小手术风险的有效方法。我院近3年来采用双种植支抗钉配合悬臂梁牵引拔除水平阻生智牙,获得了较好效果,现报道如下。

整体下牙列远移是骨性Ⅲ类掩饰性治疗常选用的治疗方案,但治疗前需拔除下颌智牙。对于水平阻生且紧邻下牙槽神经管的病例,直接拔除引起下唇麻木的风险较大。正畸牵引拔除是通过周围骨组织改建促进智牙移位离开神经管,减小手术风险的有效方法。我院近3年来采用双种植支抗钉配合悬臂梁牵引拔除水平阻生智牙,获得了较好效果,现报道如下。
 
1.病例与方法
 
1.1病例选择
 
选择2012年4月—2015年8月在徐汇区牙病防治所正畸科转诊要求拔除下颌水平阻生智牙的患者为研究对象。纳入标准:①全景片显示下颌智牙水平阻生,牙根与下牙槽神经管重叠,锥形束CT(cone-beam CT,CBCT)扫描确认智牙与下牙槽神经管大面积接触。②口腔卫生状况良好,无牙周疾病,无全身性疾病。③患者知情同意,依从性好。最终选择8例,其中,男2例,女6例;年龄22~30岁,平均25岁。
 
1.2材料
 
种植体:A-One微种植钉(台湾亚太医疗器械科技股份有限公司),型号2mm×12mm。流体树脂(3MESPE),网底颊面管(3M),粘结式舌侧钮(杭州新亚齿科材料公司),化学固化釉质粘接剂(3M),0.020英寸Niti丝(深圳市速航科技发展有限公司)。
 
1.3方法
 
全景片显示下颌智牙水平阻生,智牙影像与下牙槽神经管重叠,CBCT证实智牙与下牙槽神经管大面积接触(图1)。
 

图1 初始的智牙位置
 
方案设计:同侧外斜线植入微种植支抗钉2颗,配合悬臂梁结构促进智牙向移动,待其冠部离开神经管时,截除牙冠,同时调整悬臂梁方向,近中向牵引智牙,待其离开神经管后拔除。治疗步骤:常规消毒、铺巾,采用碧兰麻阻滞麻醉,在同侧下颌第一磨牙、第二磨牙颊侧植入2mm×12mm微种植支抗钉2颗,暴露智牙冠远中面,止血后粘接舌侧钮,0.3mm结扎丝将加力点延伸到黏膜外。术后服用消炎药2~3d,口泰含漱1周,3次/d,1周后拆线。
 
利用流体树脂将2颗微种植钉头部固定连接,粘接固定颊面管,管径方向与平面垂直,0.020英寸Niti丝一端就位到颊面管,另一端与附着在智牙上的牵引钩固定连接,形成悬臂梁结构(图2),所产生的牵引力值约250g。当全景片证实智牙牙冠离开神经管后,转口腔外科进行智牙牙冠切除,重新粘接舌侧钮,调整附着在种植钉的颊面管管径为水平向,0.020英寸Niti丝与固定在智牙上的舌侧钮固定结扎,牵引智牙近中向移动,橡皮链同时施加近中向牵引力(图3)。定期拍摄全景片,观察智牙与下牙槽神经管的关系,待CBCT证实两者明显分离后转口腔外科行微创拔除(图4)。拔除后常规缝合、止血,1周后拆线,转正畸科进行后续正畸治疗。
 

图2 牵引智牙冠部离开神经管


图3 水平位颊面管和悬臂梁施力图
 

图4 智牙离开神经管
 
2.结果
 
经6~9个月治疗后,所有患牙均离开下牙槽神经管,智牙与神经管之间的距离为0.5~1mm。牵引过程中1例发生软组织增生,用电刀切除后缓解,矫治器拆除后自行愈合。牵引结束后,微种植支抗钉未见松动,上、下牙列咬合关系未见明显变化。拔牙后无一例患者发生下唇麻木,术后患者未诉明显不适。
 
典型病例:女,26岁,正畸科转诊要求拔除下颌水平阻生智牙。全景片显示右侧下颌智牙水平阻生,牙根与下牙槽神经管部分重叠。CBCT显示,智牙近中面与下牙槽神经管紧贴(图1)。与患者沟通直接拔除的风险后,患者接受正畸牵引拔除。局麻下于右侧第一磨牙、第二磨牙颊侧植入微种植钉2颗,翻瓣暴露右侧智牙远中面,粘接舌侧钮,以0.3mm结扎丝将加力点延伸到黏膜外。
 
1周后微种植钉冠部粘接固定颊面管,管径垂直于平面。0.020英寸Niti丝就位后牵引智牙冠向移动,2个月后全景片显示智牙冠部离开神经管,外科截冠后调整颊面管管径为水平向,产生的牵引力约250g。牵引智牙近中向移动,同时,橡皮链牵引智牙向近中移动,力值约150g;6个月后智牙离开神经管1mm,行外科微创拔除,患者无下唇麻木。
 
3.讨论
 
3.1牵引拔除的优势
 
对于毗邻下牙槽神经管的智牙,外科直接拔除后发生下唇麻木的几率为1.1%~3.9%。目前临床上有3种方法可减少该并发症的发生:牙冠切除术、部分牙冠切除术及正畸牵引拔除。牙冠切除术、部分牙冠切除术的目的是通过截冠为智牙的近中移动创造间隙,以利于智牙自行近中漂移,离开神经管。受患者年龄、智牙阻生类型、牙根形态的影响,其自行漂移的成功率报道不一。
 
正畸牵引拔除是智牙受力后引起周围骨组织改建,最终使智牙移位,离开神经管。其主要优点,牙的移动主要与矫治力直接相关,临床医师可根据不同的智牙阻生类型,设计相应的牙移动力系(颊向、舌向、向及近中移动),快速有效地分离智牙与下牙槽神经管,且智牙的向牵引可引导周围骨组织再生。相对于直接拔除,可明显减小第二磨牙远中牙周袋的深度。经过牵引的智牙具有一定的松动度,拔除相对容易,患者受到的创伤较小。
 
3.2支抗设计
 
智牙牵引属于局部性正畸治疗,在治疗中应保证支抗的稳定性,避免反作用力引起局部咬合关系改变。微种植支抗钉是目前提供稳定支抗的有效手段,有学者将微种植支抗钉植入对颌,直接牵引智牙,但需要患者配合更换橡皮筋,且主要针对垂直阻生的智牙。有学者设计微种植支抗钉间接支抗,但支抗结构复杂,影响口腔卫生护理,对于局部治疗的患者不易接受。本研究设计的双种植钉悬臂梁结构有以下优点:①双种植钉在进行牵引时,很好地分散了反作用力,克服了加力过程中扭力对种植钉的影响,减小了微种植钉失败的几率。②支抗结构无天然牙,可以很好地保证局部咬合的稳定性。③支抗结构精巧,患者舒适度好。
 
3.3牵引力系设计
 
悬臂梁属于简支梁结构,其优点是可以对所施加外力的大小、方向进行有效评估。智牙牵引只需设计单一外力顺应牙长轴,即可使其离开神经管,故悬臂梁结构是比较理想的选择。本研究以双种植钉形成的绝对支抗为基础,利用固定在种植钉上的颊面管提供力矩,通过调整颊面管的方向来调整所施加力量的方向。对于智牙牙冠初始与神经管毗邻紧密的病例,颊面管方向垂直于平面,Niti丝就位后提供的是垂直向上的牵引力;当牙冠部分切除后,调整颊面管的方向,使其平行于平面,Niti丝就位后所施加的是前上方向的脱位力。为增加近中向的牵引力,可附加橡皮链牵引。
 
本设计采用Niti丝作为施力源,优点如下:①Niti丝力量衰减缓慢,可以很好地维持所施加的矫治力。②Niti丝弹性较好,可以避免传统治疗中各种曲的弯制,增加患者的舒适度,提高治疗效率。Niti丝尺寸的选择取决于周围阻力的大小,颊面管与智牙受力点之间的距离。阻力越大、距离越长,Niti丝越粗。本研究颊面管位置为下颌第一磨牙颊侧,所使用的Niti丝为0.020英寸的Niti圆丝,产生约250g的牵引力,可以很好地满足临床需求。

原始出处:

马晓晴,项飞,秦飞,钱文昊.双种植钉牵引拔除高危下颌水平阻生智牙8例报道[J].上海口腔医学,2018,27(04):424-426.

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    2020-03-22 huangdf
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    2020-05-30 xlysu
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2083134, encodeId=bd662083134a6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e18f641e5e1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#水平阻生#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64175, encryptionId=e18f641e5e1, topicName=水平阻生)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/656F31B644588474D1C46903A7F84373/100, createdBy=4e842500199, createdName=ms24272190615788285182, createdTime=Sun Nov 03 17:56:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1702101, encodeId=36b41e021010a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=04b9e4784aa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#种植#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74784, encryptionId=04b9e4784aa, topicName=种植)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=47e130405619, createdName=huangdf, createdTime=Sun Mar 22 20:56:00 CST 2020, time=2020-03-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1699778, encodeId=e0cc1699e7858, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dd152024130' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#下颌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20241, encryptionId=dd152024130, topicName=下颌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1c4f29973299, createdName=xlysu, createdTime=Sat May 30 13:56:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2041337, encodeId=8423204133e1f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0c8de48070c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#种植钉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74807, encryptionId=0c8de48070c, topicName=种植钉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=21015, createdName=heli0118, createdTime=Fri Mar 13 09:56:00 CST 2020, time=2020-03-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1798015, encodeId=4a311e98015ad, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d44c6e842b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#牵引拔除#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67842, encryptionId=d44c6e842b3, topicName=牵引拔除)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101296147/6238544484D1FE65CCBBD849EAEE67C2/100, createdBy=47102500004, createdName=ms9651749636653578, createdTime=Sat Nov 16 01:56:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2083134, encodeId=bd662083134a6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e18f641e5e1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#水平阻生#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64175, encryptionId=e18f641e5e1, topicName=水平阻生)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/656F31B644588474D1C46903A7F84373/100, createdBy=4e842500199, createdName=ms24272190615788285182, createdTime=Sun Nov 03 17:56:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1702101, encodeId=36b41e021010a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=04b9e4784aa' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#种植#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74784, encryptionId=04b9e4784aa, topicName=种植)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=47e130405619, createdName=huangdf, createdTime=Sun Mar 22 20:56:00 CST 2020, time=2020-03-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1699778, encodeId=e0cc1699e7858, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dd152024130' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#下颌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=20241, encryptionId=dd152024130, topicName=下颌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=1c4f29973299, createdName=xlysu, createdTime=Sat May 30 13:56:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2041337, encodeId=8423204133e1f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0c8de48070c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#种植钉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=74807, encryptionId=0c8de48070c, topicName=种植钉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=21015, createdName=heli0118, createdTime=Fri Mar 13 09:56:00 CST 2020, time=2020-03-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1798015, encodeId=4a311e98015ad, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d44c6e842b3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#牵引拔除#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=67842, encryptionId=d44c6e842b3, topicName=牵引拔除)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdqq.qlogo.cn/qqapp/101296147/6238544484D1FE65CCBBD849EAEE67C2/100, createdBy=47102500004, createdName=ms9651749636653578, createdTime=Sat Nov 16 01:56:00 CST 2019, time=2019-11-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]