Lancet:囊肿性纤维化患者易感染脓肿分枝杆菌且具传染性

2013-04-30 Lancet 丁香园

研究人员称:在囊肿性纤维化患者引起其肺部感染的细菌种类日益增多,这些细菌可以通过人与人之间进行传播的,尽管可能不是直接接触性的传播。 据在英国 Hinxton,威康信托桑格研究所(Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute)的博士朱利安·帕克希尔(Julian Parkhill)及其同事们称:分离来自感染囊性纤维化患者的集中性脓肿分枝杆菌的基因组分析发现几乎没有序列的差异。事

研究人员称:在囊肿性纤维化患者引起其肺部感染的细菌种类日益增多,这些细菌可以通过人与人之间进行传播的,尽管可能不是直接接触性的传播。

据在英国 Hinxton,威康信托桑格研究所(Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute)的博士朱利安·帕克希尔(Julian Parkhill)及其同事们称:分离来自感染囊性纤维化患者的集中性脓肿分枝杆菌的基因组分析发现几乎没有序列的差异。事实上,其少于来自单个个体的分离菌株的通常发现量。——这“强烈暗示其在病人间的传播”。

他们在《柳叶刀》在线版上写道:在医院的“全面的环境样本”中,这类医院是被安置的病人未能识别这些非结核分枝杆菌来源的医院。而患者有“大量来自其他个体的院内传播的机会”。

他们补充道:"虽然确切的传播途径还未确立,但我们的流行病学分析表明它可以间接传播。

脓肿分枝杆菌最近已被确定为囊肿性纤维化患者疾病的主要原因,其粘滞的肺分泌物为细菌得以大量繁殖创建了良好的环境。帕克希尔及其同事们指出,脓肿分枝杆菌难以根除,需要长期使用毒性抗生素联合治疗,但最终往往会失败。

美国和欧洲的3%-10%囊肿性纤维化患者当前被该生物体感染。这也与来自纹身油墨和器械的皮肤感染有关的。

在囊肿性纤维化患者的病例中,病原体迅速出现的原因还不是很清楚,可能的原因包括在淋浴喷头的大量侵扰和在这些患者中连续使用慢性抗生素治疗的意想不到的后果。消除其他细菌可能为分枝杆菌提供以前得不到的立足之地。并且一些抗生素也会损害正常宿主的防御机制。

另外,帕克希尔和同事们指出,人与人之间的传播已被怀疑但从未得到证明。他们当前的研究旨在找到有助于该生物体的传播的证据。

他们从在 2007 年-2011 年间来自一家设在英国剑桥帕普沃思医院 (Papworth Hospital in Cambridge, England)的囊肿性纤维化临床治疗的31例患者中分离到了168株脓肿分枝杆菌菌株。并进行了全基因组序列分析以及抗菌易感性试验。

该基因组分析表明,某些分离菌株几乎完全相同,不同的只有 10 个或少于10个碱基对。如此看来,这些分离菌株在两场单独的爆发中总共感染了11 个患者。

帕克希尔举了一名患者作为例子,该患者的分离菌株“完全包含在另一个患者的分离菌株中”,而且有遗传多样性,这表明这两名患者有直接的关联性。

这些分离菌株是先前已发现的脓肿分枝杆菌的三个主要亚种之一。

研究人员也检测了作为当前生物遗传进化线索的抗菌易感性模式。记录表明,以前没有长期暴露于大环内酯抗生素或氨基糖苷类的几个病人仍然携带能抵抗阿米卡星和克拉霉素的脓肿分枝杆菌菌株。

这些发现表明,个体之间也会传播脓肿分支杆菌。帕克希尔认为,这些分枝杆菌菌株很可能通过与耐药菌共感染某些个体而获得耐药性单元。

帕克希尔及其同事们设法排除起源于帕普沃思医院或社区其它地方的环境污染的爆发的可能性。他们确定在集中性爆发的患者中,没有相邻的居住地或共同供应的水源,医院的供水系统和设备(包括淋浴喷头、 纤支镜和洗碗机)的测试结果也均为阴性。

另一方面,他们也发现,每名爆发患者在被感染前都与另一名感染者同时处于诊所中。当然,例外的是,在每个集中性爆发的最初病例中,其如何感染脓肿分枝杆菌仍然是个谜题。

最终,研究人员估计了分离菌株的突变率。研究表明,在医院相关的机会传播时期爆发的菌株具有共同的祖先。其他与疾病爆发无关的分离菌株似乎在基因水平上已分离了数十年。

但是帕克希尔认为:患者与患者近距离的接触不太可能实现传播。因为帕普沃思诊所有严格的患者隔离政策。他们写道:“患者被建议不得社交,并在单独的房间里被照顾。”

他们建议“污染物污染”——该生物体通过物品从一个人转移到另一个人——是更可能的传播途径。他们指出,脓肿分枝杆菌可以在严重的物理和化学攻击以及干燥环境中生存下去。

另一种可能是气溶胶的发生,在囊性纤维化患者的理疗和肺功能测试及其他治疗步骤中产生的受污染的气溶胶。该气溶胶被后来的患者呼吸进入体内。

研究人员补充道:由于他们的发现,感染控制程序已经在帕普沃思得到加强。所采取的步骤包括为非结核分枝杆菌治疗的所有患者进行的连续痰液筛查,在感染门诊设立单个房间的专用诊所和在住院病人的房间中提供负气压。

他们表示:这些措施是否能减少分枝杆菌感染还言之尚早。

分枝杆菌相关的拓展阅读:


Whole-genome sequencing to identify transmission of mycobacterium abscessus between patients with cystic fibrosis: a retrospective cohort study
Background
Increasing numbers of individuals with cystic fibrosis are becoming infected with the multidrug-resistant non-tuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) Mycobacterium abscessus, which causes progressive lung damage and is extremely challenging to treat. How this organism is acquired is not currently known, but there is growing concern that person-to-person transmission could occur. We aimed to define the mechanisms of acquisition of M abscessus in individuals with cystic fibrosis.
Method
Whole genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were done on 168 consecutive isolates of M abscessus from 31 patients attending an adult cystic fibrosis centre in the UK between 2007 and 2011. In parallel, we undertook detailed environmental testing for NTM and defined potential opportunities for transmission between patients both in and out of hospital using epidemiological data and social network analysis.
Findings
Phylogenetic analysis revealed two clustered outbreaks of near-identical isolates of the M abscessus subspecies massiliense (from 11 patients), differing by less than ten base pairs. This variation represents less diversity than that seen within isolates from a single individual, strongly indicating between-patient transmission. All patients within these clusters had numerous opportunities for within-hospital transmission from other individuals, while comprehensive environmental sampling, initiated during the outbreak, failed to detect any potential point source of NTM infection. The clusters of M abscessus subspecies massiliense showed evidence of transmission of mutations acquired during infection of an individual to other patients. Thus, isolates with constitutive resistance to amikacin and clarithromycin were isolated from several individuals never previously exposed to long-term macrolides or aminoglycosides, further indicating cross-infection.
Interpretation
Whole genome sequencing has revealed frequent transmission of multidrug resistant NTM between patients with cystic fibrosis despite conventional cross-infection measures. Although the exact transmission route is yet to be established, our epidemiological analysis suggests that it could be indirect. {nextpage}
Funding
The Wellcome Trust, Papworth Hospital, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, UK Health Protection Agency, Medical Research Council, and the UKCRC Translational Infection Research Initiative.

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    2013-11-17 xzw113
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    2013-11-22 howi
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    2013-05-02 hunizi009