慢性肾功能衰竭继发甲状旁腺功能亢进患者无痛胃镜术中突发心律失常一例

2020-02-17 张霞 郭蕾 密夫丽 临床麻醉学杂志

患者,男,70岁,175 cm,71kg,一般状态可,ASAⅢ级,心功能Ⅲ级。因“泡沫尿17年余,规律透析3年余,右上腹胀痛10d余”入院。3年前诊断为:慢性肾脏病5期(尿毒症期);慢性肾小球肾炎;继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进。

患者,男,70岁,175 cm,71kg,一般状态可,ASAⅢ级,心功能Ⅲ级。因“泡沫尿17年余,规律透析3年余,右上腹胀痛10d余”入院。3年前诊断为:慢性肾脏病5期(尿毒症期);慢性肾小球肾炎;继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进。
 
住院期间给予慢性肾脏病一体化治疗,降磷、补钙、纠正酸中毒、改善低血压、改善贫血等治疗。出院后规律血液透析治疗,每周3次。10余天前患者无明显诱因出现右上腹胀痛,为持续性,伴食欲下降,进食后无好转,无恶心、呕吐,无腹泻、黑便,无停止排气、排便,无发热及皮肤黄染,无头晕、头痛。既往史:“脑梗死”病史15年,无后遗症;“高血压”病史3年,服用降压药后血压控制在140/90mmHg左右。
 
术前心电图无异常。心脏彩超示:左心、右房扩大;左室壁增厚;主动脉瓣返流(轻度);二尖瓣返流(中度);三尖瓣返流(中度);肺动脉高压;左室舒张功能减低。射血分数:56%。化验检查:RBC3.12×1012/L,Hb70g/L,甲状旁腺激素(PTH)1082pg/ml,K+4.21mmol/L,Ca2+2.16mmol/L,无机磷1.47mmol/L。入室后BP173/80mmHg,HR70次/分,SpO2 98%,ECG无明显异常。
 
患者无任何不适,麻醉诱导前经鼻导管吸氧,给予昂丹司琼8mg、地佐辛2mg、丙泊酚60mg缓慢间断静推诱导,诱导后BP140/75mmHg,HR72次/分,SpO2 98%。进镜顺利,无呛咳、体动等反应,进镜后约3minHR突然减慢至35次/分,心电图PR间期延长,ST段升高,SpO2波形改变,SpO2 96%,此时无创血压数值未测出。立即告知手术医护人员停止操作。予以阿托品1mg静推,多巴胺2mg静推,HR、BP未见明显改善。予以肾上腺素10~50μg递次静推,患者HR升至120次/分左右,BP130/67mmHg。急查动脉血气分析:Ca2+1.01mmol/L,K+4.0mmol/L,立即缓慢静推葡萄糖酸钙1g。5min后HR缓慢降至70次/分,BP145/80mmHg,SpO2 98%。患者清醒后,自诉无任何不适,生命体征平稳,送回病房。
 
讨论
 
继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(SHPT)是慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)患者的常见并发症,其特征是高PTH血症、甲状旁腺增生和钙磷代谢紊乱。钙磷代谢紊乱或高PTH可以引起心脏肥厚、心肌纤维化、心血管钙化、高血压,麻醉中可导致严重并发症如心律失常、心肌缺血、心肌梗死、心功能不全和猝死等。有研究发现高PTH和钙磷代谢紊乱明显增加患者猝死风险,PTH>471pg/ml明显增加患者心血管意外风险。
 
本例患者CRF继发SHPT,虽然病情稳定或自觉症状不明显,但从心脏彩超结果可以看出,长期的高PTH和钙磷代谢紊乱已经对心肌结构和功能造成不可逆性损害,心功能负荷值极差,实施麻醉和手术均是一种挑战,并且术中血气分析显示血钙较低,这在严重肾脏疾病或者肠吸收障碍患者中常见,低钙本身就是术中易诱发心律失常的重要危险因素。其次,此类患者大多体质衰弱,常合并低蛋白血症,耐药性极差,容易出现用药过量。同时,该患者已是高龄老年状态,重要脏器储备功能差,使用麻醉药物后交感神经抑制,极易出现低血压、HR减慢,甚至心跳骤停。
 
本例术中出现HR减慢和BP降低时,及时使用血管活性药物,停止内镜操作,积极对症处理,维持呼吸和循环的稳定,防止情况进一步恶化。无痛镜检查作为一项诊断消化系统疾病的手段越来越普遍,因为其检查时间短,创伤性相对较小,属于低风险手术,易出现术前检查不全,准备不充分等现象。
 
本次病例抢救成功的经验及需要吸取的教训是:(1)预防为主。针对此类患者术前评估应详细询问病史,完善术前检查,改善内环境失衡,以提高患者麻醉手术耐受性。(2)制定个体化治疗方案。合理选择肝肾影响小的麻醉药物,适当补充血容量,最好在诱导前行咽喉部充分表面麻醉,减少麻醉药用量。(3)协作沟通。特殊患者术前与内镜医生充分沟通,注意进境柔和度和注汽量,尽可能缩短检查时间。(4)术中严密监测和及时处理。密切监测患者呼吸循环状况,实时监测血气指标,特别是血钾、钙和磷水平,根据实际情况及时做出处理。手术有大小,麻醉无大小。内镜诊疗麻醉要求麻醉科医师处理各种突发事件的“时限性”很强。
 
总之,针对像肾功能衰竭合并SHPT等特殊患者行无痛内镜诊疗,术前应充分评估,制定个体化麻醉方案,术中严密监测管理,加强与内镜医师的协作沟通,以促进无痛舒适化医疗惠及更多患者。
 
原始出处:

张霞,郭蕾,密夫丽,孙传玉.慢性肾功能衰竭继发甲状旁腺功能亢进患者无痛镜术中突发心律失常一例[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2019,35(02):208.

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    2020-08-21 yese
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