重大进展!两篇Science论文发现与病毒感染和遗传性代谢疾病相关的关键蛋白

2022-09-16 生物谷 生物谷

溶酶体含有大量的酶,用于“消化”非细胞材料以及自身的细胞材料。它的故障导致这些材料在细胞内积聚。这是造成溶酶体储存障碍患者严重临床损害的原因,其中溶酶体储存障碍是一类遗传性代谢疾病。

溶酶体是细胞中至关重要的的降解区室。一些病毒需要溶酶体组织蛋白酶来裂解结构蛋白,因此依赖于功能性GlcNAc-1磷酸转移酶。

在一项新的研究中,来自美国斯坦福大学、德国汉堡大学医学中心和基尔大学等研究机构的研究人员寻找了RNA病毒(比如SARS-CoV-2)复制所必需的的宿主因子。为此,他们在体外培养的人类细胞中进行了全基因组CRISPR/Cas敲除筛选,以探究哪些细胞在感染某些病毒后能够存活下来。相关研究结果于2022年9月8日在线发表在Science期刊上,论文标题为“The human disease gene LYSET is essential for lysosomal enzyme transport and viral infection”。

 

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论文共同第一作者、基尔大学临床分子生物学研究所的Sabrina Jabs教授解释说:“在体外培养的细胞中,我们关闭了基因组中的几乎所有基因,然后分析敲除哪个基因导致这些细胞在病毒感染后仍然存活,因为这种基因敲除使得病毒无法复制。”

通过这种方式,这些作者在这项新的研究中确定了溶酶体酶转运因子(LYSET)对依赖组织蛋白酶的病毒(包括SARS-CoV-2)的感染至关重要,而在此之前,它的功能是未知的。它对溶酶体的正常运作至关重要,并使人们能够深入了解一种罕见的溶酶体储存障碍的产生。LYSET的缺乏导致M6P标记的全面丧失和GlcNAc-1磷酸转移酶从高尔基体到溶酶体的错误定位。Lyset敲除小鼠表现出类似MLII的表型,而且人类致病的LYSET等位基因未能恢复溶酶体分选缺陷。因此,LYSET是M6P转运机制正确运作所必需的,而LYSET的突变可以解释相关疾病的表型。 

与此同时,在第二项新的研究中,来自德国癌症研究中心和奥地利维也纳生物中心的研究人员通过在确定的营养条件下的遗传筛选确定了LYSET的特征。他们发现LYSET在高尔基体中与GlcNAc-1磷酸转移酶结合在一起,后者通过甘露糖-6-磷酸修饰将分解酶靶向到溶酶体中。如果没有LYSET,GlcNAc-1磷酸转移酶因具有一个亲水的跨膜结构域而变得不稳定。因此,LYSET缺乏的细胞缺乏溶酶体酶,并在巨胞饮和自噬货物的周转方面受到损害。相关研究结果于2022年9月8日在线发表在Science期刊上,论文标题为“Lysosomal enzyme trafficking factor LYSET enables nutritional usage of extracellular proteins”。

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鉴于哺乳动物细胞可以通过巨胞饮作用(macropinocytosis)和溶酶体对胞外蛋白的分解产生氨基酸,癌细胞利用这一点在营养不良的肿瘤中生长,LYSET代表了溶酶体酶转运途径的一个核心成分,是遗传性溶酶体储存障碍的病理机制的基础,并可能代表一种抑制癌症中代谢适应的靶标。

Jabs说,“大约一年前,我们了解到德国癌症研究中心(DKFZ)领导的另一项研究,交换了数据并决定一起向Science期刊提交我们的研究工作,而不是争先恐后地发表发现,相互竞争。这两篇论文相互补充,因此协同它们的发表是有意义的。”

LYSET对于将可溶性酶运送到溶酶体至关重要 

溶酶体含有大量的酶,用于“消化”非细胞材料以及自身的细胞材料。它的故障导致这些材料在细胞内积聚。这是造成溶酶体储存障碍患者严重临床损害的原因,其中溶酶体储存障碍是一类遗传性代谢疾病。Jabs说,“我们的研究确定了LYSET是细胞内一种非常重要的运输机制的重要调节因子。LYSET基因的突变与一种罕见的溶酶体储存障碍有关。”

在缺乏LYSET的细胞中,酶向溶酶体的运输受到严重破坏。除了溶酶体的功能丧失外,敲除LYSET还能阻止某些病毒在细胞内造成损害。这种对细胞生物学很重要的运输机制的新成分的发现,提供了对细胞生理学的重要见解,这与人类遗传性疾病有关,同时也与病毒感染有关。第二项新的研究也证实了LYSET对于肿瘤细胞生长的意义。

进一步研究的起点 

由于LYSET蛋白以前没有被表征,未来将进行一系列的研究,以进一步研究它的功能。例如,一个问题是LYSET基因的突变是否真的是粘脂贮积病(mucolipidosis, ML)的原因,粘脂贮积病是一种严重的遗传性代谢疾病。在临床上被诊断为粘脂贮积病的儿童中,约有10%的人的致病基因是未知的。 

根据Jabs的说法,“我们如今可以分析这些患者的生物样本,以确定LYSET基因是否存在突变。我们还对LYSET的结构特征感兴趣,这可能有助于我们更好地了解它的工作机制。暂时抑制LYSET和溶酶体的运输机制可能作为一种治疗方法,抑制某些肿瘤的生长和防止病毒感染。”

参考资料:

1. Christopher M. Richards et al. The human disease gene LYSET is essential for lysosomal enzyme transport and viral infection. Science, 2022, doi:10.1126/science.abn5648.

2. Catarina Pechincha et al. Lysosomal enzyme trafficking factor LYSET enables nutritional usage of extracellular proteins. Science, 2022, doi: 10.1126/science.abn5637.

3. Science publication: key protein relevant for viral infection and hereditary disease discovered
https://www.precisionmedicine.de/en/details/news/science-publication-key-protein-relevant-for-viral-infection-and-hereditary-disease-discovered

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    2022-09-14 柳叶一刀
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