Immunity:高糖确实促炎!华人科学家首次发现,高葡萄糖摄入促进自身免疫的机制,看来吃糖还是得适量

2019-10-24 奇点糕 奇点网

如今,高水平葡萄糖在自身免疫性疾病中的凶犯身份也被揭发了。破解这起谜案的科学家是来自美国国立卫生研究院的Wanjun Chen博士团队,论文发表在《细胞》子刊《免疫》杂志上。

如今,高水平葡萄糖在自身免疫性疾病中的凶犯身份也被揭发了。破解这起谜案的科学家是来自美国国立卫生研究院的Wanjun Chen博士团队,论文发表在《细胞》子刊《免疫》杂志上。

研究者们发现,“超标”的葡萄糖就像给细胞上满了汽油,诱使线粒体以大功率运转,产生的活性氧(ROS)激活了转录生长因子β(TGF-β),从而促进辅助T细胞17(Th17)生成,导致免疫系统进一步失衡,加剧自身免疫性疾病。

哎,这口甜,可真是让人又爱又恨啊~


图源 | pixabay

自身免疫性疾病,简单来说就是免疫系统攻击自身正常组织导致的一类疾病,自己打自己,这病怎么来的真是不好说。科学家们在搞研究的时候,发现了一个奇怪的现象:在过去的几十年里,包括克罗恩病和多发性硬化等等在内的自身免疫性疾病,发病率居然正在急速增长,特别是欧美等西方国家,数字十分惊人。

要说西方国家有什么特别,估计很多嘴挑的读者第一反应就是,西餐!这几十年里,人类社会迎来历史上物质最丰富的时代,以前被视为难得一见的美食的肉、糖、油现在已经随处可见,西式饮食甚至以高糖、高盐、高脂肪为主要特征,而这样的饮食模式又导致肥胖、代谢综合征和心血管疾病发病率的升高。

一直以来,科学家们就猜测饮食同时也是自身免疫性疾病的潜在风险因素,很多研究也证实了这个想法。比如,高盐摄入已经被证实能够促进促炎的Th17细胞分化,加速实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)的发展。

近年来人们也认识到糖的黑暗面了,高糖饮食的负面影响各大美妆博主都能说出一二。不过其实它和免疫的关系还并没有扯得十分清楚。

那么它对自身免疫的影响是怎样的呢?来看下今天这项研究怎么说。

研究者首先尝试高葡萄糖摄入是否会影响小鼠的自身免疫。他们选了一种常用的结肠炎模式小鼠,这种小鼠不能产生正常的成熟免疫细胞,通过给它移植T细胞可以激活肠道炎症。当研究者在T细胞移植前两天给小鼠喂20%的糖水,它们移植后的病情明显更加严重,体重减轻得更多,肠道组织的情况也更不妙。就算只喂10%的糖水,病情也会加重。

研究者分析了与自身免疫性疾病相关的各种免疫细胞,其中产生白介素17的Th17明显更多了,而且Th17的一种关键转录因子,RORγt水平也更高。其他的像是产生IFN-γ的Th1啊,调节T细胞啊,产生白介素22的Th22啊,产生白介素10的Tr1,产生白介素4的Th2,水平基本都没怎么变化。

研究者还换了另外一种疾病做了实验。EAE是多发性硬化常用的实验模型,各种分析结果和结肠炎也是差不多的。


吃糖让小鼠病情更重

看起来关键就要落在Th17这种细胞上了。

很自然的,研究者们就怀疑到了Th17的“特产”,白介素17。

实验结果也不出所料。如果只给小鼠吃糖不转移T细胞,那么小鼠根本就不会发病;如果给小鼠转移一些有基因缺陷、不能产生白介素17的T细胞,那么吃糖也不会让它的病情变得更严重。


只有糖+IL17才有威力

吃糖到底有什么魔力,会让Th17大涨特涨呢?

研究者最先怀疑,是不是吃糖多了,影响到了代谢呢?毕竟以前有研究证实,糖酵解可以促进Th17生成。

但实验结果却表示,这个假设完全错了。事实上,不管是小鼠对糖的代谢,还是T细胞磕糖的效率,完全没有任何变化。高糖饮食的小鼠只是短暂地升了一点点血糖,其他都十分正常。同时,高葡萄糖摄入也不影响细胞活化、凋亡。

看来还得回到Th17本身上找原因。

Th17的分化需要白介素6和活化的TGF-β。研究者在这个常规培养基里加入不同水平的葡萄糖,想看看Th17的分化是否会受到影响。

没有。

难道是有什么体外培养不成立、只有在体内才生效的规则吗?

这时研究者发现了一个盲点。TGF-β这个细胞因子很有意思,它一般是以一种不活跃的状态存在的,只有被激活才能发挥作用,而活化TGF-β已经被研究证实,在高糖诱导的成纤维细胞和上皮细胞肥大过程中有相当重要的作用[5]。

所以这个激活的过程才是个中奥妙吗?!

当把培养基中的活化TGF-β换成未激活的TGF-β,葡萄糖的魔力终于显现出来了。葡萄糖的浓度越高,Th17的分化就越多,和剂量完全成正比。

而正是激活的TGF-β诱使T细胞表达关键转录因子RORγt,让Th17诞生于世。


糖激活TGF-β,促进Th17分化

最后一步就是打破沙锅问到底,问一问糖是怎么激活TGF-β的了。

根据以前的研究成果,在不同的组织和细胞中也有不同的机制,有的依赖基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs),有的要靠整合素αvβ8。研究者们挨个儿试验了一遍,最后揪出来的就是线粒体所产生的活性氧(ROS)。

最有说服力的就是,阻断ROS就能够完全抑制Th17的生成。

简单总结一下,这件事是这样的:高葡萄糖给T细胞的线粒体加油打劲儿,产生了更多的活性氧,这些活性氧激活了TGF-β,上调RORγt表达,促进Th17分化,最终把免疫战争的天平引向了促炎这一方,加重了自身免疫性疾病的病情。



当然啦,这项研究主要在小鼠中进行,体外培养也没有使用人类细胞。研究者在论文中提到,这主要是因为人类来源的幼稚CD4+T细胞取自脐带血,还是比较难获得[6]。不过人类Th17分化确实也需要TGF-β,另外在糖尿病患者中也存在异常的Th17反应[7]。

这项研究让我们首次认识到糖和自身免疫性疾病之间的关系,对自身免疫性疾病患者来说具有相当重要的临床意义。对我们普通人呢,糖的罪行清单可能是又要加一条了。

生活太苦,舍不得这点甜也没啥。糖嘛,小甜怡情,齁甜伤身,适量就行。

原始出处:Dunfang Zhang, Wenwen Jin, Ruiqing Wu, et al. High Glucose Intake Exacerbates Autoimmunity through Reactive-Oxygen-Species-Mediated TGF-β Cytokine Activation. Immunity. August 23, 2019

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    2019-11-08 ylz8403
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