功能性二尖瓣关闭不全,该怎么手术?阜外医院凤玮等综述

2022-06-26 中国循环杂志 网络

房室扩大引起的二尖瓣瓣环扩张继而导致瓣叶对合面积不够是引起功能性二尖瓣关闭不全最常见且主要的原因。

功能性二尖瓣关闭不全(FMR)较为常见,对于这部分患者如何更好采用手术治疗?

阜外医院凤玮、希尔艾力·铁木尔尼亚孜等就功能性二尖瓣关闭不全手术策略上的观点及研究进展进行了综述。

作者介绍,一般认为,轻度关闭不全无需手术干预;重度关闭不全,指南推荐在进行搭桥或者主动脉瓣手术的同时行二尖瓣的手术干预;对于中度关闭不全,根据病因的不同,治疗策略上目前存在着一定的争议。

作者指出,功能性与器质性二尖瓣病变发生机制不同,因此在手术治疗策略上有所不同,要综合其病因、发生机制、反流量大小及患者本身条件等综合因素,做出最佳选择。

房室扩大引起的二尖瓣瓣环扩张继而导致瓣叶对合面积不够是引起功能性二尖瓣关闭不全最常见且主要的原因。

因此,对于此类患者进行限制性二尖瓣瓣环成形术(RMA)是一种针对病因的较为直接的处理方式,且技术固定、产品(成形环/带)成熟,也是很多外科医生的优先选择。

不过瓣环成形术在不同类型的功能性二尖瓣关闭不全中虽有效,但疗效存在一定差异,往往单纯进瓣环成形术在某些情况下可能不足以完全纠正FMR,应结合病因、超声心动图、术中情况等进行综合评估,最终决定单纯瓣环成形术是否足够。

在进行手术时,不仅要关注瓣环扩大问题,更要考虑到因左心室扩大导致的腱索紧张、瓣叶栓系等多种因素对手术效果的影响。对此类患者,乳头肌聚拢术或乳头肌重置术可能是对瓣环成形术的有效补充。

除了上述手术技术之外,腱索切除、人工腱索植入也是另一种较为有效地解决因左心室扩大导致的腱索及二尖瓣瓣叶张力增加的方式。

对于功能性二尖瓣关闭不全存在腱索张力较大、二尖瓣瓣叶栓系严重的患者,也可以在瓣环环缩的同时进行腱索切除;而人工腱索植入术可能会给患者带来益处,但需要更多的研究来证实其效果。

对于重度关闭不全且存在严重房室扩大等患者,二尖瓣瓣叶扩大术可能有利于预防二尖瓣反流的复发;而二尖瓣重置(下移 )术作为一种全新术式,目前相关研究较少,仍有待进一步评价其安全性、有效性。

对于病情较重、预期寿命短,以及左心室舒张末期内径>65 mm、下后壁室壁瘤的患者,可以考虑行保留腱索的二尖瓣置换术。

另外,对于无法耐受外科手术的患者,在严格把握适应证的前提下可以进行介入手术治疗。

此外,二尖瓣置换时选择机械瓣还是生物瓣也受到了关注。

目前普遍认为,对于高龄、终末期缺血性心肌病或预期寿命较短等患者,保留全瓣的二尖瓣生物瓣置换术是可以考虑的,以避免长期抗凝及抗血小板联合治疗带来的出血风险。

来源:希尔艾力·铁木尔尼亚孜, 徐飞, 凤玮. 功能性二尖瓣关闭不全手术治疗策略的研究进展. 中国循环杂志, 2022, 37: 548-552. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3614.2022.05.018.

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