Neurology:优化舒张压、BMI管理是减轻脑小血管病负担关键!

2021-12-06 Naomi MedSci原创

近日,有研究人员使用孟德尔随机化(MR)来确定哪些心血管危险因素可能与CSVD的病因有关。 遗传倾向于较高的血压,主要是舒张压和较高的BMI与较高的CSVD负担相关,这表明这是一种因果作用。

      脑血管疾病是世界范围内导致死亡和残疾的主要原因,并随着人口老龄化而增加。脑血管疾病(CSVD)是一种脑小血管病,约占所有中风的五分之一,占所有痴呆症的45%。放射学上,它具有几个特征:白质高信号(WMH)、腔隙性脑梗塞、微出血和脑萎缩,这些都可以在MRI上发现。使用扩散张量成像(DTI)来表征脑内水分子扩散也可以用来揭示CSVD期间发生的微观结构变化,可以用分数各向异性(FA)和平均扩散率(MD)参数来评估。尽管CSVD对个人和社会有重大影响,但导致疾病的因素仍未得到很好的了解,因此还没有开发出有效的治疗方法。虽然揭示导致CSVD的危险因素可能启发发病机制和治疗的新进展,但确定有效的预防策略是在没有治疗方法的情况下减轻CSVD负担的唯一途径。

      观察性研究表明CSVD特征与心血管疾病危险因素之间存在关联。然而,研究产生了相互矛盾的结果,而且由于混淆和反向因果关系,它们推断因果关系的能力有限。孟德尔随机化(MR)可以用来克服其中的一些偏差。在受孕期间,一组随机的等位基因会传递给后代,这意味着一个特定变异的遗传与环境因素无关。因此,与人群中的危险因素相关的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs)在所有其他特征上都应该是相似的,从而减少任何潜在的环境混杂。由于疾病不会改变患者的潜在基因,使用MR也可以减少任何潜在的逆转。因此,MR在识别潜在危险因素和疾病之间的因果关系方面是有用的。

     心血管危险因素与脑小血管疾病(CSVD)的病因有关,然而这种联系是否具有因果关系仍不清楚,部分原因是观察性研究容易颠倒因果关系和混淆。近日,有研究人员使用孟德尔随机化(MR)来确定哪些心血管危险因素可能与CSVD的病因有关。

      研究使用来自欧洲血统的大规模全基因组关联研究(GWAS)的数据来确定血压、血脂、体重指数(BMI)、II型糖尿病、开始吸烟、每天吸烟和饮酒的遗传替代物。使用UK Biobank(N=31,855)的遗传摘要数据,进行MR检查,以评估它们与CSVD中改变的三个神经影像特征(白质高信号(WMH)、分数各向异性(FA)和平均弥散率(MD))之间的关系。初步分析使用了逆加权中位数(IVW)MR,并使用加权中位数、MR-Egger和多效性最小化方法进行了验证。最后进行多变量MR检查,联合研究多个危险因素的影响。

  • MR分析显示,在所有方法中,更高的基因代偿收缩压和舒张压与WMH、FA和MD,以及更高的基因代偿BMI与WMH之间存在一致的相关性。
  • 总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、吸烟、脉压和II型糖尿病易感性之间的联系的证据较弱,至少一个CSVD成像特征,但这些关联不能在所有使用的验证方法中重现。
  • 对血压性状的多变量MR分析发现,这种影响主要是通过遗传代理所有CSVD性状的舒张压来实现的。

      遗传倾向于较高的血压,主要是舒张压和较高的BMI与较高的CSVD负担相关,这表明这是一种因果作用。改善对这些危险因素的管理和治疗可以减轻CSVD的负担。

文献来源:Taylor-Bateman V, Gill D, Georgakis M, et al. Cardiovascular Risk Factors and MRI Markers of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study [published online ahead of print, 2021 Nov 29]. Neurology. 2021;10.1212/WNL.0000000000013120. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000013120

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这些发现强调了血浆sTREM2作为小血管疾病相关的白质损伤的强大预测标记物的潜在效用,并在治疗这种疾病时对靶向先天免疫反应具有临床意义。

拓展阅读

【综述】血清β2微球蛋白与脑小血管病相关性研究进展

本文结合国内外最新研究对血清β2M与常见CSVD病因分型(小动脉硬化型和脑淀粉样蛋白变性型)以及不同的CSVD影像学表现的相关性进行综述。

【综述】光学相干断层扫描血管成像技术在脑小血管病中的应用研究进展

本文就OCTA在CSVD中的应用进行综述,以期为CSVD的早期识别和动态评估提供帮助。

【综述】三酰甘油葡萄糖指数与脑小血管病相关性的研究进展

本文结合国内外TyG指数与CSVD关系的研究进行综述,以期为CSVD高危人群的早期识别和干预提供新思路。

【论著】基于7. 0 T磁共振成像及体素形态学测量对脑小血管病灰质体积变化及其与认知障碍的相关性研究

本研究应用7. 0T MRI及VBM技术,探索CSVD认知障碍患者灰质体积改变脑区及与其相关的受损认知域。

ART:浙大研究提示脑类淋巴在脑小血管病和阿尔茨海默病中的作用

AD 病理(Aβ)和 CSVD 均与脑类淋巴功能障碍有关,而类淋巴功能障碍又与认知障碍进一步相关。

Neurology:CADMUS——基于MRI的自发性脑出血与脑小血管疾病相关的新型分类方法

CADMUS 是一种基于 MRI 的 SVD 相关 ICH 新型分类方法,具有可行性和可重复性

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中国脑小血管病诊治专家共识2021

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