Nat commun:肥胖导致粘膜相关的不变T细胞促进炎症和肠道生态失调进而促使代谢功能障碍

2020-08-16 森普 免疫细胞研究bioworld

肥胖的特征在于所述的内脏脂肪组织的慢性低度炎症,这种炎症是胰岛素抵抗2型糖尿病的发展相关联的主要驱动力。肥胖与胃肠道菌群的变化有关,肥胖患者的微生物群转移会影响人体脂肪的膨胀,全身性炎症和胰岛素抵抗。

法国巴黎大学Agnès Lehuen教授于Nature communications上发表文章Mucosal-associated invariant T cells promote inflflammation and intestinal dysbiosis leading to metabolic dysfunction during obesity,其发现在肥胖期间,MAIT细胞促进脂肪组织和回肠的炎症,导致胰岛素抵抗和糖脂代谢受损。MAIT细胞在脂肪组织中通过诱导M1巨噬细胞以mr1依赖的方式极化,在肠道中通过诱导微生物群失调和肠道完整性丧失发挥作用。其研究结果认为在肥胖期间阻断MAIT细胞活化可能是降低慢性炎症,预防营养不良和改善代谢参数的有效策略。

肥胖的特征在于所述的内脏脂肪组织(VAT)的慢性低度炎症,这种炎症是胰岛素抵抗2型糖尿病(T2D)的发展相关联的主要驱动力。在肥胖VAT炎症是包括M1巨噬细胞,CD8促炎性免疫细胞的组织积累的结果+ T细胞,Th17细胞的CD4 + T细胞,NK细胞,嗜中性粒细胞和。相反,与抗胰岛素抵抗相关的抗炎免疫细胞(如M2巨噬细胞,Foxp3 +调节性T细胞(Treg),嗜酸性粒细胞和2型先天性淋巴样细胞(ILC2))的频率降低通过在VAT炎症的局部控制。

肠粘膜含有许多免疫细胞,因为它是连续地从饮食暴露于微生物抗原和抗原摄入。肥胖会促进肠道免疫细胞群的促炎性转变,其特征在于固有层中Foxp3 + Treg细胞减少,产生IFN-γ的Th1和CD8 + T细胞以及产生IL-17的γδT细胞增加。肥胖也与胃肠道菌群的变化有关,肥胖患者或小鼠的微生物群转移会影响人体脂肪的膨胀,全身性炎症和胰岛素抵抗。粘膜相关性不变T(MAIT)细胞是先天性T细胞,通常表达不变的TCRα链(人中为Vα7.2-Jα33,小鼠中Vα19-Jα33),β链数量有限。MAIT细胞识别主要组织相容性复合物相关的分子1(MR1),呈现从某些细菌和酵母的抗原。MAIT细胞抗原从维生素B2合成细菌代谢物派生。研究人员和其他人揭示T2D和肥胖患者主要MAIT细胞改变。在这些患者中,MAIT细胞的血液含量较低,并且在增值税中产生高水平的IL-17。此外,减肥手术引起的体重减轻以及相关代谢和炎症状态的改善伴随着血液MAIT细胞频率的显着增加。所有这些观察结果促使研究人员研究小鼠模型中肥胖和T2D期间MAIT细胞的作用。

研究人员首先分析了肥胖C57BL / 6J(B6)小鼠中发生的MAIT细胞改变,这些小鼠要么饲喂高脂饮食(HFD)要么缺乏瘦素(- / - 小鼠),然后研究人员使用以下方法解读了MAIT细胞对肥胖的影响Vα19转基因B6小鼠表达MAIT细胞的频率升高,而MR1 -/-症状态,这些组织中的免疫细胞群以及肠道菌群组成。研究人员还评估了用非激活配体阻断MAIT细胞功能的治疗潜力。研究人员的研究结果共同表明,MAIT细胞在代谢功能异常的发展中具有有害作用,这涉及脂肪组织中巨噬细胞M的极化以及营养不良和肠道渗漏。

脂肪组织和回肠中的MAIT细胞积累受损

研究人员首先分析了喂食HFD或正常饮食(ND)12周的B6小鼠的几个组织中MAIT细胞的频率。MAIT细胞被鉴定为CD45 + CD19 -细胞CD11b - TCRγδ - TCRαβ + TetMR1 +。如先前在肥胖和T2D患者中观察到的,与瘦小鼠相比,肥胖B6小鼠血液中的MAIT细胞频率降低了。与瘦小鼠相比,肥胖小鼠的附睾脂肪组织(Epi-AT)和回肠中的MAIT细胞频率也降低了,而在脾脏,肝脏和结肠中MAIT细胞频率保持不变。值得注意的是,就绝对数而言,还观察到Epi-AT和回肠中MAIT细胞的频率降低。在这些组织中,大多数MAIT细胞为CD4 - CD8α -(> 80%的MAIT细胞),并且该比例在HFD下未改变。由于肥胖可诱导免疫细胞稳态的早期修改在脂肪组织和肠道,研究人员进行在这些组织MAIT细胞频率的动力学分析。HFD开始后6周未观察到明显差异;但是,在进食16周后,HFD后12周观察到的差异仍然存在。

有趣的是,使用另一种肥胖小鼠模型,即缺乏瘦素的(- / - )小鼠,与(- / +)同窝对照相比,研究人员还观察到回肠和Epi-AT的MAIT细胞频率均显着降低。

肥胖小鼠的Epi-AT和回肠中MAIT细胞的频率和数量减少可能是由于募集和增殖受损以及细胞死亡增加所致。为了分析MAIT细胞迁移,将CD45.1 + MAIT细胞注射到肥胖和肥胖的B6小鼠中,并在5天后在Epi-AT和回肠中进行分析。在瘦和肥胖的B6小鼠中,在αβT淋巴细胞和CD45 +细胞中,CD45.1 + MAIT细胞的频率相似。基于Ki67染色的MAIT细胞增殖分析未显示肥胖和瘦小鼠的MAIT细胞之间存在任何差异。相反,对MAIT细胞中抗凋亡和促凋亡分子表达的分析表明,与瘦小鼠相比,肥胖小鼠的MAIT细胞凋亡增加。肥胖期间,MAIT细胞中促凋亡分子(例如cMyc,Casp9和Bax)的转录水平增加,而Bcl-2 mRNA的水平则降低。回肠和Epi-AT中BCL-2表达的差异在蛋白质水平上得到了证实,而在脾脏,肝脏和结肠中未观察到这种差异。总而言之,这些数据表明肥胖小鼠的Epi-AT和回肠中的MAIT细胞正在经历凋亡,导致频率降低。

MAIT细胞表现出炎性特征

接下来,研究人员分析了饲喂ND或HFD的小鼠不同组织的MAIT细胞的表型和细胞因子的产生。与ND下的小鼠相比,HFD的小鼠的Epi-AT和回肠的MAIT细胞表面上成熟/效应标记CD44的表达显着增加。同时,肥胖小鼠的两个组织中的CD69激活/保留标记均显着降低。值得注意的是,来自脾脏的MAIT细胞上的CD44和CD69表达没有修饰,并且在肝脏和结肠中仅观察到了少量修饰。

通过qPCR和流式细胞仪进行的细胞因子产生分析表明,肥胖小鼠的回肠MAIT细胞产生更多的IL-17A,Epi-AT MAIT细胞产生更多的TNF-α和IL-17A。在肝脏的MAIT细胞中也观察到了细胞因子产生的增加,但结肠中没有观察到。与瘦小鼠相比,肥胖的MAIT细胞中通常与Th1反应(IL-18R)和Th17反应(CCR6)相关的细胞因子和趋化因子受体转录物的分析显示,从回肠和Epi-AT分离得到的MAIT细胞过度表达了这些受体,分别。根据Il18r的过表达来自肥胖小鼠回肠的MAIT细胞的mRNA,免疫荧光染色显示T-bet的表达增加,T-bet是Th1细胞因子的关键转录因子。这些数据加在一起表明,肥胖小鼠的Epi-AT和回肠中的MAIT细胞均被激活并产生炎性细胞因子。

在- / - 小鼠中,与喂食HFD的小鼠类似,Epi-AT的MAIT细胞上的CD44表达增加,回肠和Epi-AT的MAIT细胞上的CD69表达减少。此外,来自回肠和Epi-AT的MAIT细胞产生的促炎细胞因子的频率更高(回肠中的IL-17A,Epi-AT中的TNF和IL-17A)。

接下来,研究人员研究了MAIT细胞活化是否与肥胖小鼠肠道菌群产生的MAIT细胞配体丰度增加有关。使用两种生物测定法,研究人员评估了来自瘦和肥胖小鼠的肠道菌群激活MAIT细胞的能力)。与瘦小鼠相比,肥胖小鼠的盲肠微生物群对MAIT细胞的激活降低。值得注意的是,该活化是MR1特异性的,因为它是在非活化配体乙酰基-6- formylpterin(AC-6-FP)的存在的抑制或阻断MR1抗体。为了确定HFD后微生物群落基因含量是否有助于降低MAIT细胞激动剂配体的水平,研究人员对ND或HFD喂养小鼠的盲肠微生物DNA进行了测序。KEGG的正畸分析表明,与ND喂养的小鼠相比,HFD样品中的核黄素生物合成途径显着下调。更准确地说,在喂食HFD的小鼠的微生物群中,ribBA,ribD,ribH和ribE基因的丰富度较低,而ribB基因的丰富度较高,这些差异可能导致MAIT细胞激动剂配体的合成减少。生物测定和宏基因组学数据共同表明,MAIT细胞的局部活化不是由于活化配体的存在增加,而是归因于Epi-AT和肥胖小鼠回肠的促炎环境。

MAIT细胞促进肥胖期间的代谢功能障碍

为了确定MAIT细胞的T2D和肥胖的发病机制中的作用,研究人员分析MR1 - / - B6小鼠缺乏MAIT细胞,因为MR1分子需要MAIT细胞的胸腺发育。相反,还分析了表现出MAIT细胞频率增加十倍的Vα19 +/-转基因B6小鼠。为了诱导肥胖,将这些小鼠和它们各自的同窝仔对照,MR1 +/-和Vα19 -/-小鼠喂饲HFD 12周。研究人员首先研究了MR1 -/-和Vα19 +/-中的葡萄糖稳态。小鼠在HFD发生12-16周后进行了胰岛素耐受性测试(ITT)和口服葡萄糖耐受性测试(OGTT)。与同窝对照相比,Vα19 +/-小鼠的胰岛素敏感性降低,而与同窝对照相比,MR1 -/-小鼠的胰岛素耐受性增强。同样,虽然Vα19 +/-小鼠对葡萄糖的耐受性更高,但MR1 -/-小鼠具有更高的葡萄糖耐量。葡萄糖代谢异常不是由于胰岛素分泌受损引起的。MAIT细胞对胰岛素抵抗的影响在组织水平通过分析Akt磷酸化得到了证实,这是细胞内胰岛素信号的读出。在外延AT磷酸化的Akt的相对量在MR1增加/ - -小鼠和Vα19减少+/-与它们同窝对照小鼠相比,在肝脏和肌肉从Vα19观察到类似的数据+/-小鼠。与对照组同窝仔相比,在禁食和进食的MR1 -/-小鼠中,基础血糖水平均显着降低。相反,在禁食和喂养的Vα19 +/-小鼠中,基础血糖水平显着升高。此外,MR1 -/-降低了基础血清胰岛素浓度和胰岛素抵抗稳态模型评估(HOMA-IR)指数在HFD下,Vα19 +/-小鼠增加并且Vα19 +/-小鼠增加。值得注意的是,在高脂喂养期间,体重增加没有差异,并且在方案结束时,Vα19 +的体重,瘦肉或脂肪质量百分比和Epi-AT重量也没有差异/-和MR1 -/-小鼠与其同窝对照。在食物摄入,呼吸交换率(RER)方面没有观察到差异。然而,组织学分析显示,在HFD下,脂肪细胞大小在Epi-AT中增加了Vα19 +/-小鼠与其同窝对照相比。相反,在HFD下,MR1 -/-小鼠中Epi-AT中的脂肪细胞大小小于同窝对照中的脂肪细胞大小。

为了进一步评价MAIT细胞上的Epi-AT的功能,两个关键脂肪因子的表达的影响,脂连蛋白和瘦蛋白,通过qPCR。与同窝对照相比,Vα19 +/-小鼠的脂联素表达降低,而瘦蛋白表达升高。在MR1 -/-小鼠中获得了相反的结果。这些结果表明,MAIT细胞参与了Epi-AT稳态的失调。接下来,研究人员分析了两种脂解酶,脂肪甘油三酸酯脂酶(Atgl)和激素敏感性脂酶(Hsl)的表达参与脂肪组织中甘油三酸酯的细胞内降解。在HFD下,虽然Vα19 +/-小鼠中的两个基因的表达均比对照同窝幼虫高,但是在MR1 -/-小鼠中,Atgl和Hs1的表达却降低了(不明显)。根据这些基因在Vα19 +/-小鼠中表达的增加,在饲喂HFD的这些小鼠中循环甘油和甘油三酸酯的浓度升高,相反,在饲喂MR1 -/-的小鼠血清中这些脂质的水平较低HFD。生脂调节的表达,转录因子过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ),被显着在Vα19的的Epi-AT降低+/-小鼠和MR1的的Epi-AT增加- / -小鼠中。这些数据总共揭示了MAIT细胞对葡萄糖和脂质代谢的有害作用。

MAIT细胞加剧了脂肪组织的炎症

由于来自肥胖B6小鼠Epi-AT的MAIT细胞产生高水平的促炎细胞因子,因此研究人员研究了MAIT细胞是否对这些组织的炎症状态具有一般性影响。在外延-AT,已知的细胞因子的转录水平参与炎症(中Ccl2,CCL5,IL1β,IL-6 ,IL-17A,IFNγ和TNFα)的显着在Vα19增加+/-在MR1小鼠与他们同窝对照组相比,然而- / -这些基因的表达的小鼠。在Epi-AT(Foxp3,Il5和Il13)。在免疫细胞水平上确认了组织的炎症状态,并通过表达RORγt的常规T细胞的频率得到证实,RORγt是IL-17产生的关键转录因子。值得注意的是,在ND下,与对照相比,在Vα19 +/-小鼠中仅观察到细微的差异。

由于MAIT细胞在肥胖期间在Epi-AT的炎症状态和功能中起着关键作用,因此研究人员研究了MAIT细胞是否会影响由不同的ND或HFD小鼠系产生的该组织中其他免疫细胞的频率。与协议的Foxp3在HFD-喂养的小鼠mRNA水平,有一个降低的Foxp3的频率+中Vα19Treg细胞+/-小鼠和Foxp3的频率增加+ Treg细胞在MR1 - / - ,与它们各自的同窝对照相比。对于Epi-AT中的另外两个调节免疫细胞ILC2和嗜酸性粒细胞,观察到了类似的修饰。相比之下,肥胖的Vα19 +/-小鼠中炎症细胞(常规CD8 + T淋巴细胞和NK细胞)的频率增加,而肥胖的MR1 -/-小鼠中这些细胞与其同窝对照相比频率较低。作为对照,来自WT B6小鼠的Epi-AT的分析下ND和HFD证实先前的研究显示Treg细胞,ILC2和嗜酸性粒细胞频率降低,而常规CD8 + T细胞和NK细胞频率升高。尽管在HFD下来自不同小鼠品系的巨噬细胞频率相似,但MAIT细胞对巨噬细胞亚群有影响。与同窝对照相比,肥胖的Vα19 +/-小鼠中CD206 + CD11c - M2的频率较低,而CD206 - CD11c + M1的巨噬细胞频率较高。与同窝仔相比,在MR1 -/-小鼠中观察到相反的结果。M1和M2巨噬细胞的表型通过其细胞因子谱得到证实。对Vα19 +/-和MR1 -/-小鼠的免疫细胞进行的动力学分析显示,MAIT细胞早在HFD的6周就影响巨噬细胞表型,而其他免疫细胞群的变化主要在HFD的12周观察到。总之,对Epi-AT中免疫细胞群的这些分析增强了MAIT细胞在肥胖症中的促炎作用。

MAIT细胞与巨噬细胞之间的炎性串扰

由于巨噬细胞的Epi-AT表示更丰富的免疫细胞群和MAIT细胞影响它们的表型,研究人员进一步在体外MAIT细胞和巨噬细胞的串扰的影响。从B6小鼠的骨髓中分化出来的M0巨噬细胞在未成熟(nMAIT)或被CD3和CD28 mAb(acMAIT)预激活的MAIT细胞存在下培养。有趣的是,acMAIT细胞可促进M0分化为M1巨噬细胞,如它们的表型(CD206 - CD11c +)和Il1β,Ccl2和Il10的表达所示。但是,将acMAIT细胞与从MR1 -/-小鼠(MΦMR1 -/-)产生的M0共同培养,对它们向M1巨噬细胞的分化只有中等程度的影响,如图M1 / M2所示。与MR1的主要需求相反,在存在acMAIT细胞的情况下,阻断性细胞因子(IL-17,IFNγ和TNFα)对巨噬细胞极化的影响有限。

接下来,研究人员分析了nMAIT细胞与M0,M1或M2共培养后巨噬细胞对MAIT细胞表型和功能的相互影响。有趣的是,M1巨噬细胞表达的Mr1 / MR1 水平高于M0和M2巨噬细胞。与具有M0或M2巨噬细胞的培养相比,在M1巨噬细胞存在下培养的nMAIT细胞表达较低水平的CD69和较高水平的CD44,IL-17A和TNFα。这些表型和细胞因子概况概括了肥胖小鼠的Epi-AT中观察到的那些。为了评估TCR–MR1相互作用在巨噬细胞激活MAIT细胞中的作用,将激动剂和/或抑制性配体添加到培养物中。加入5-(2-氧代丙二烯氨基)-6-D-核糖胺尿嘧啶(5-OP-RU)激动剂诱导的IL-17A和IFN-γ的产生在Ac-6-FP的存在下被抑制。相反,TNFα的产生与TCR触发无关。与缺乏MR1的巨噬细胞共培养,证实了IL-17A和IFN-γ产生对TCR-MR1相互作用的要求。这些数据一起证明MAIT细胞和M1巨噬细胞的串扰可促进其炎症功能。

MAIT细胞诱导肠道改变和营养不良

同样,在Epi-AT中,肥胖导致回肠的MAIT细胞频率,表型和细胞因子产生发生重大变化。因此,研究人员调查了MAIT细胞是否对回肠炎症和功能有影响。如在Epi-AT中一样,MAIT细胞在HFD上促进Vα19 +/-小鼠回肠中的炎症,而肥胖MR1 -/-小鼠的回肠发炎较少。该观察结果在免疫细胞转录水平得到证实,并得到表达RORγt的Treg细胞,ILC2,ILC3和常规αβT细胞频率的证实。在ND条件下,在Vα19 +/-小鼠中仅观察到很小的差异。

为了评估肥胖期间MAIT细胞诱导的炎性状态是否对肠道完整性有影响,研究人员分析了喂食HFD喂养的Vα19 +/-和MR1 -/-小鼠及其各自对照后FITC-葡聚糖向血液的转运。由于FITC-葡聚糖的易位在Vα19 +/-小鼠中增加而在MR1 -/-小鼠中减少,因此MAIT细胞加重了肠的泄漏。与这些数据一致,有紧密连接蛋白如高级mRNA水平连蛋白1,紧密连接蛋白4和闭合蛋白,和粘蛋白,粘液层的主要成分,在从回肠HFD喂养MR1的上皮细胞-/-小鼠,而由HFD喂养的Vα19 +/-小鼠则相反。由于MAIT细胞会增加肥胖小鼠的肠道炎症和渗漏,因此研究人员研究了MAIT细胞是否也对肠道菌群组成有影响。在粪便上进行16S-rRNA测序,以评估各种小鼠品系中不同细菌门的相对丰度。一旦HFD,有放线菌门,红蝽菌科家族,并转让给本家族11个细菌OTU簇中Vα19 +/-小鼠相比及其同窝控制。在HFD馈送的MR1中-/-小鼠,放线放线菌门与其同窝对照相比显着减少,而其他门(拟杆菌,硬毛,原细菌和去铁杆菌)保持不变。一致的是,与同窝仔相比,MR1 -/-小鼠中的棒杆菌科(门氏放线杆菌)和Olsenella属(棒杆菌科的成员)减少了。相反,与对照组相比,MR1 -/-小鼠中梭菌科的增加(属于门菌)。在属水平上,严格梭状芽胞杆菌和两个鞭毛藻科组也有所增加,而真细菌组在MR1 -/-小鼠中的丰度低于对照同窝仔猪和三个OTU簇(556、21和451)。在两个小鼠组之间,分配给豚草科的动物有所不同。研究人员还使用生物测定法研究了在喂食HFD的Vα19 +/-和MR1 -/-小鼠中观察到的微生物群组成的变化是否影响MAIT细胞配体。来自Vα19的盲肠菌群对MAIT细胞的激活作用较小+/-小鼠与其同窝对照相比。相反,与同窝对照相比,来自MR1 -/-小鼠的盲肠微生物群增加了MAIT细胞的活化。这些结果共同表明,在肥胖期间,MAIT细胞会加重肠道微生物群的营养不良。

MAIT细胞引起的营养不良影响回肠功能

为了确定由MAIT细胞诱导的肠道菌群差异是否在代谢功能障碍中起作用,进行了菌群转移实验。将HFD喂养的Vα19 +/-小鼠,MR1 -/-小鼠或其同窝对照的粪便转移到B6受体小鼠中。16S-rRNA测序分析显示了肠道菌群转移的功效。在移植了Vα19 +/-的 B6小鼠中,双歧杆菌科(Actin- acteria phylum)和乳杆菌科(Firmicutes phylum)家族明显低于同窝菌群和OTU水平的分析证实了各组受体小鼠之间的差异分布。关于肠道粘膜功能,如在供体小鼠中观察到的,与从肠道转移的受体B6小鼠相比,从HFD喂养的Vα19 +/-或MR1 -/-小鼠接受粪便的受体B6小鼠分别表现出肠通透性的增加或降低。来自其同窝仔对照的微生物群。受体小鼠肠道通透性的这些改变与从Vα19和MR1 -/-粪便转移的小鼠回肠中Treg细胞频率的明显变化有关小鼠和回肠的ILC2和ILC3频率增加,这些小鼠是由MR1 -/-供体的微生物群转移而来的。这些免疫细胞组成与在HFD下在供体小鼠中观察到的相似。相反,肠道菌群的转移对Epi-AT免疫细胞群仅产生中等程度的影响。这些数据表明,在肥胖过程中,MAIT细胞会促进肠道菌群失调,从而增加肠道通透性,不足以加剧代谢功能障碍。

M1-巨噬细胞极化与微生物群无关

还通过在HFD下将Vα19 +/-和MR1 -/-小鼠与它们各自的同窝仔共居12周来评估微生物群的作用,并进行了代谢测试(OGTT和ITT)。共舍消除了以前在单独的笼子中饲养小鼠时观察到的代谢差异。对免疫细胞的分析表明,在与各自同窝对照共同饲养的Vα19 +/-和MR1 -/-小鼠的回肠中,Foxp3 + Treg和ILC3细胞的频率相似。然而,Vα19 +/-和MR1 -/-的 Epi-AT中嗜酸性粒细胞,M2和M1巨噬细胞的频率仍然存在显着差异。与同窝对照相比的小鼠。巨噬细胞的基因表达分析证实了流式细胞仪数据。这些结果共同突出了MAIT细胞在Epi-AT中的直接促炎作用,而与肠道菌群失调无关。

MAIT细胞TCR阻断配体可改善代谢参数

由于MAIT细胞和巨噬细胞的串扰涉及TCR-MR1相互作用,因此研究人员用抑制性配体Ac-6-FP进行了体内治疗,以评估其是否可以改善代谢参数。肥胖小鼠(B6 WT和Vα19 +/-)治疗了8周,与未治疗的小鼠相比,这种治疗改善了胰岛素敏感性和葡萄糖耐量。值得注意的是,Ac-6-FP对肥胖MR1 -/-小鼠的治疗对其葡萄糖耐受性或胰岛素敏感性没有任何影响。阻断MAIT细胞活化可以减少回肠(Il17)和Epi-AT(Ccl2,Il1β,Il6和II17)和模仿MR1 -/-小鼠中Epi-AT状态的改良Epi-AT功能(Atgl和HsI酶)。Ac-6-FP处理对两种组织中的MAIT细胞频率及其CD44表达均无影响,而在Epi-AT中增加了CD69 MAIT细胞表达。有趣的是,在接受Ac-6-FP处理的小鼠的回肠和Epi-AT中,IL-17A的MAIT细胞产量显着降低,在Epi-AT中M1 / M2比例降低。最后,Ac-6-FP处理还影响了肠道菌群的组成,因为它显着降低了放线杆菌并增加了拟杆菌的丰度。所有这些数据表明,在肥胖期间阻断MAIT细胞活化可能是降低慢性炎症,预防营养不良和改善代谢参数的有效策略。

原始出处:

Amine Toubal, Badr Kiaf, Lucie Beaudoin, et al.Mucosal-associated invariant T cells promote inflammation and intestinal dysbiosis leading to metabolic dysfunction during obesity.Nat Commun. 2020 Jul 24;11(1):3755. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17307-0.

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    2020-10-31 guoyibin
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    2020-10-30 liye789132251
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1691075, encodeId=776e16910e510, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7adce62603e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#粘膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76260, encryptionId=7adce62603e, topicName=粘膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=090129165428, createdName=guoyibin, createdTime=Sat Oct 31 01:13:09 CST 2020, time=2020-10-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1884589, encodeId=b406188458919, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b2112532d8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Nat#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=12532, encryptionId=3b2112532d8, topicName=Nat)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=2e6f107, createdName=liye789132251, createdTime=Fri Oct 30 20:13:09 CST 2020, time=2020-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2087745, encodeId=e89c208e745e5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=490750196b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#COMMUN#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=5019, encryptionId=490750196b, topicName=COMMUN)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7931272, createdName=liuli5079, createdTime=Thu Jul 01 10:13:09 CST 2021, time=2021-07-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2009813, encodeId=19db200981352, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9a4b81e02f4' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肠道生态失调#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81702, encryptionId=9a4b81e02f4, topicName=肠道生态失调)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=84fb152, createdName=xiongliangxl, createdTime=Fri Jan 01 23:13:09 CST 2021, time=2021-01-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=888759, encodeId=0e6a888e59e5, content=优秀<a href='/topic/show?id=23e3454e353' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#学习#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=115, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=45473, encryptionId=23e3454e353, topicName=学习)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=39695208474, createdName=14754e21m61暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Sep 27 16:52:09 CST 2020, time=2020-09-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1421328, encodeId=6cff1421328c8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=09d33294eb8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#功能障碍#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=32947, encryptionId=09d33294eb8, topicName=功能障碍)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b3493649807, createdName=naiwu78, createdTime=Tue Aug 18 06:13:09 CST 2020, time=2020-08-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=809404, encodeId=c85e80940475, content=谢谢分享,很前沿, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=95, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=1d51100963, createdName=tounao, createdTime=Sun Aug 16 19:34:15 CST 2020, time=2020-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=809388, encodeId=f7618093887c, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=96, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Aug 16 16:15:58 CST 2020, time=2020-08-16, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-07-01 liuli5079
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    2020-08-16 tounao

    谢谢分享,很前沿

    0

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    2020-08-16 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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