Natr Human Behav:年龄越大,为什么越来越不容易集中?

2018-05-21 佚名 中国生物技术网

我们都知道,在日常出现的无关紧要信息,甚至是经历压力或强烈情感时,年龄大的人比年轻人更容易分心。近日,美国南加州大学(USC)主导的一项研究,阐明了其中的缘由:大脑中一个特定网络是导致该现象的原因,而这也是阿尔兹海默症和痴呆症的“震中”位置。这项研究于近日已发表在《Nature Human Behavior》上。

我们都知道,在日常出现的无关紧要信息,甚至是经历压力或强烈情感时,年龄大的人比年轻人更容易分心。近日,美国南加州大学(USC)主导的一项研究,阐明了其中的缘由:大脑中一个特定网络是导致该现象的原因,而这也是阿尔兹海默症和痴呆症的“震中”位置。这项研究于近日已发表在《Nature Human Behavior》上。

研究发现,老年人的注意力下降与蓝斑核有关,这是与大脑其他部位相连的一小部分脑干。蓝斑核能够帮助大脑在压力或兴奋的时候集中注意力。

USC Leonard Davis老年医学系的记忆专家、情感和认知实验室的负责人Mara Mather教授说,注意力分散程度增加是认知衰老的迹象。该研究发现,在面对压力或情绪激动的时候,老年人更容易出现注意力无法集中的情况。这表明,蓝斑核使大脑集中注意力的能力随着时间推移而下降。

Mather也是USC的Dornsife文学、艺术和科学学院的教授,他说:“努力完成一项任务会增加情绪激发。对于年轻人来说,这能增加他们忽略无关信息的能力。但是对于老年人来说,在努力尝试的时候,他们试图集中注意力关注的事物和其他无关信息都会更加突显。”

比如,如果一位老年人在医生办公室中接受记忆测试时,他们会努力试图集中注意力,但是相比于年轻人,他们更容易被自己的其他想法和背景环境中的噪音分散注意力。

阿尔兹海默症患者Tau蛋白病理表现的轨迹

Mather教授过去的研究阐述了蓝斑核在认知和记忆方面的作用。目前,Mather正致力于研究老化和阿尔茨海默病期间蓝斑的功能如何变化。

蓝斑核似乎是最早出现Tau蛋白病理表现的位置之一,Tau蛋白缠结是阿尔兹海默症的标志。

Mather说:“这种病理的最初迹象在大多数30岁人的蓝斑核中就很明显了。因此,更好地理解随着年龄的增长,蓝斑核的功能如何变化是至关重要的。”

在USC,有超过70名研究人员关注阿尔兹海默症的预防和治疗以及潜在的治愈可能性,Mather就是其中之一。这种能将记忆抹去的疾病是本世纪人类面临的最大的健康挑战之一,影响着三分之一的老年人。

小区域,大作用

蓝斑核连接到大脑中的很多部位,控制着去甲肾上腺素的释放,这种激素能够影响注意力、记忆和警惕性。通常,去甲肾上腺素能够增强神经活性的“增益”,高度活跃的神经元变得更加活跃,而活跃度低的神经元则会受到抑制。

研究人员记录了28名年轻人和24名老年人的生理激发和蓝斑核活动,利用大脑扫描技术并测量了受测者眼睛的瞳孔扩张程度。瞳孔扩张是情绪激发和蓝斑核活动的一种外部可见标记。

在大脑扫描期间,受测者们会看到成对的照片,一张是建筑物,另一张是一个物体。研究人员会对图像进行操作,有的时候建筑物清晰可见而物体变得模糊,有的时候则反过来。对于每对照片,受测者需要指出哪张照片是清晰的。

在部分试验开始时,会出现警告受测者在试验结束时会接受电击的声音。而另一部分试验开始时会出现告诉受测者不会接受电击的声音。在受测者们听到会接受电击的声音时,他们的瞳孔扩张程度更大,出汗更多,甚至可能有出现休克的征兆,这表明更强的生理激发作用。

老年人大脑中的连接出现紊乱

当受测者看到地点图片时,他们大脑的海马旁“地点区域”会变得活跃。

对年轻受测者来说,当他们看到清晰的建筑物图像时,对发生电击的期待会增强“地点区域”的活动。当他们看到模糊的图像时,这个区域的活动会下降。他们大脑中连接蓝斑核轨迹、地点区域和额顶网络(大脑皮质的前额叶网络区域,控制大脑注意什么和忽略什么)的通路仍然没有中断。这使他们在忽略不重要信息方面更高效。

然而,在期待电击会发生时,老年人的额顶网络活动更低。他们的大脑网络似乎无法再对来自蓝斑核的信号进行有效的反应。在期待电击会发生时,他们大脑中的地点区域变得更加活跃了,无论图像是清醒还是模糊。因此,在情绪激发期间,无论图像是否清晰,老年人大脑都表现出了与这些图像相关的更强的活动性,而年轻人的大脑在情绪激发期间是具备选择性的,它们只关注最明显的图像。

Mather说:“破译衰老时大脑中出现的这些变化,能够在未来某天帮助我们找到防止大脑出现认知衰退和功能损失的方法。”

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    2018-08-01 liye789132251
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    2018-06-15 tamgche
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    2018-06-01 baihao215

    tauprotein

    0

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    2018-05-23 qjddjq
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    2018-05-22 虈亣靌

    学习了.涨知识了!

    0

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