Nat Med:改善通风、加强重症监护或成为遏止疫情的重要手段

2022-05-14 木子久 生物探索

近日,一项研究表明,就此次上海疫情而言,如果没有坚持“动态清零”政策,很有可能会导致约155万人死亡。

一直以来,关于新冠病毒疫情防控,我国都坚定不移地坚持“动态清零”政策,目前正在考虑这一策略是否可以继续实施以及可持续性。为了探索从大流行遏制阶段过渡到常态阶段的可能性,以及寻找当发生全国性疫情时,能最大限度减少其对医疗系统的影响的防疫政策,复旦大学研究团队开发出了一个新冠病毒感染模型,对此次上海疫情进行建模研究,以预测新冠病毒的感染负担。该模型考虑了年龄特异性疫苗覆盖率、针对不同临床终点的疫苗效力、免疫力下降、不同抗病毒治疗和非药物干预的效果。

5月10日,Nature Medicine在线发表了复旦大学公共卫生学院这项题为“Modeling transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron in China”的建模研究成果(图1)。研究人员表示,目前疫苗接种后所诱导的抗体免疫水平并不足以预防此次奥密克戎所引起的疫情传播,预计重症监护室的需求可能是现有能力的15.6倍,严重超过当下所能利用的重症监护室数量。此次上海疫情若要放开防疫限制,或可导致约155万人死亡。

图1 研究成果(图源:Nature Medicine)

在这一建模研究中,基线情景为在没有非药物干预(Non-Pharmaceutical Intervention,NPI)和抗病毒治疗的情况下强化疫苗接种。研究人员表示,根据这一模拟基线情景,在没有NPI的情况下,Omicron变异株可能会引发大范围疫情传播,在2022年3月之后的6个月内,全国范围内,Omicron将导致1.1亿人有症状感染、510万人住院、270万人进入ICU、155万人死亡。根据模型,90%以上进入ICU的病例是老年人,未接种疫苗及60岁以上人群的死亡率可能占到全部死亡病例的74.7%(图2)。

图2 感染新冠病毒,60岁以上人群将面临巨大重症风险和死亡风险(图源:Nature Medicine)

研究人员利用SARS-CoV-2传播的随机动态模型,对此次疫情的ICU需求量进行预测,结果表明,如果不坚持动态清零政策,此次疫情导致的ICU需求量可能将是当下可供应ICU量的15.6倍,大大增加现有医疗负担,导致出现医疗资源挤兑的可能性大大增加。

图3 模型预测ICU需求量可能是当下可供应量的15.6倍(图源:Nature Medicine)

在分别分析了疫苗接种、抗病毒治疗以及NPI(例如,戴口罩、加强核酸检测、保持社交距离和减少聚集)三类策略对减轻新冠病毒疾病负担的影响之后,研究人员认为,任何一种单独缓解策略都无法将新冠病毒可能导致的死亡人数降低到流感类似水平,只有加大60岁及以上未接种个体的疫苗接种覆盖率、加强抗病毒治疗以及提供NPI,才有可能将新冠死亡人数限制在与季节性流感相当的数值,防止医疗系统的崩溃。值得注意的是,策略协同的关键方面在于老年人疫苗接种覆盖率的增加以及抗病毒疗法的广泛使用。当老年人疫苗接种率增加大一定程度,同时50%以上的新冠感染可以得到及时的抗病毒治疗时,医疗系统的压力才不至于大过其能力。在这种策略无法同时兼顾的情况下,最乐观的防止医疗体系崩溃的策略是严格的NPI。

研究还表明,从长远来看,改善通风、加强重症监护能力以及开发具有长期免疫能力的新型高效疫苗是关键。

而且,改善通风、加强重症监护能力以及开发具有长期免疫能力的新型高效疫苗若能做到两个,就可以减少约95%的死亡,如果再配合一定的防疫措施,混打疫苗等等,那么就可以进一步减少对医疗体系的冲击,减少死亡人数。

 

原始出处:

Cai J, Deng X, Yang J, et al. Modeling transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron in China. Nat Med. 2022 May 10. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01855-7. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35537471.

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    2022-05-16 liye789132251
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    2022-05-15 bioon6
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    2022-05-14 医鸣惊人

    认真学习了

    0

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世界卫生组织10日发布统计数据显示,埃博拉疫情死亡人数已突破4000。联合国官员同日说,西非暴发的埃博拉疫情可能成为全球性危机,联合国寻求募集10亿美元基金用于抗击疫情,但目前仅有四分之一资金到位。 世卫组织统计数据显示,截至10月8日,全球7国累计发现埃博拉病毒确诊、疑似和可能感染病例8399例,死亡4033人。其中暴发疫情的主要国家为利比里亚、塞拉利昂和几内亚,分别有2316人、93

JAMA:中国高血压防控任务艰巨:因高血压死亡人数全球领先,中风是我国首位死因

JAMA杂志的“可视化健康”信息图揭示了从1990年至2016年高收缩血压导致的全球死亡趋势趋势。

埃博拉已造成近4900人死亡

载有一名埃博拉病毒监测者的嘉年华“魔力”号豪华游轮返抵得克萨斯州加尔维斯顿港,约4000名乘客有序登陆,情绪淡定未现恐慌。中新社发 王欢 摄 据法国国际广播电台24日报道,正当国际社会全面动员加强防御可说是全球历来最严重的埃博拉疫情之际,根据世界卫生组织公布统计数据指出,西非暴发的埃博拉疫情已导致全球将近一万人受感染,以及近4900人死亡。专家们警告,到12月初时,感染率恐增为一