EBioMedicine:胰腺癌应该存在可有的驱动基因突变

2020-03-16 MedSci MedSci原创

EBioMedicine指出,PDAC是人类癌症中最致命的类型之一,该病发现时间一般比较晚而且治疗时普遍存在耐药性。肿瘤上皮与微环境内各组分之间的大量串扰是决定不良历史的PDAC生物学的定义特征。基因

EBioMedicine指出,PDAC是人类癌症中最致命的类型之一,该病发现时间一般比较晚而且治疗时普遍存在耐药性。肿瘤上皮与微环境内各组分之间的大量串扰是决定不良历史的PDAC生物学的定义特征。基因组和分子谱分析的最新进展已经发现了肿瘤进展的遗传组成和进化模式,从而帮助具有特定肿瘤突变谱患者的治疗取得了一定突破。

人类PDAC的特征性突变包括90%以上的病例中存在KRAS的致癌突变,以及TP53,SMAD4和CDKN2A肿瘤抑制因子的频繁失活。而一些遗传改变提供了可治疗的靶标,这些靶标已转化为临床应用。下一代测序与多区域采样相结合的最新进展为PDAC的遗传进化提供了重要的见解。

最近的全球转录组学分析已将人类PDAC定义为几种亚型,尽管命名法各不相同,但在不同研究之间它们在很大程度上具有可比的分子特征。最初的分析描述了三种亚型——经典型,准间充质型和外分泌型,国际癌症基因组协会(ICGC)的研究很大程度上证实了这种分类,该研究将亚型名称更新为祖细胞(类似于经典亚型),鳞状细胞(类似于准间充质)和ADEX(异常分化的内分泌eXocrine,类似于外分泌-像子类型),到目前为止,没有明显的基因组改变与转录组亚型相关。非编码区的遗传变化也可能是观察到的分子异质性的原因。增生性间质是PDAC的主要特征,可占肿瘤总体积的90%。与肿瘤细胞的分类相似,大量PDAC转录组数据的数字反卷积也已经确定了两个不同的基质亚组,一种类似于肌纤维母细胞或胰腺星状细胞(PSC)的“正常”亚型,以及具有炎症特征的“活化”亚型。

由于密集基质和不良灌注,使得PDAC的营养获取途径有限。因此,PDAC代谢被重新编程,帮助其适应这样一个营养缺乏的背景下。PDAC细胞的代谢重编程在很大程度上是由遗传和微环境因素共同驱动的。

 

逃避免疫监视的能力已被认为是癌症的标志。在实体瘤中,PDAC是一种免疫学上的“冷”肿瘤,其特征是T细胞浸润稀疏。与具有高新抗原负荷和强大的T细胞浸润性的黑色素瘤等免疫学上“热”的肿瘤相反,人PDAC表达中等范围的新抗原。虽然T细胞的细胞溶解活性不本身相关成分与PDAC [增加的肿瘤突变负担或新表位负载,新抗原数量与CD8 + T细胞浸润的丰富性以及细胞毒性T细胞与肿瘤细胞在地形上的接近程度,均与患者的存活率相关。重要的是,对长期PDAC幸存者的研究表明,新抗原的质量是抗肿瘤免疫力的关键决定因素。

目前免疫治疗取得了很大的进展包括影响治疗反应和患者自然病程的基因组和转录组异质性的分子基础。我们还需要通过在临床试验中对患者进行纵向监测和采样,来深刻表征各种治疗性干扰对肿瘤亚克隆的进化以及异质TME成分组成的影响。这些研究将极大地帮助我们预测最终导致治疗失败的耐药机制,并主动设计联合靶向策略。

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    2020-06-09 sunylz
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    2020-06-27 jeanqiuqiu
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    2020-05-28 linagood
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    2020-05-08 kalseyzl
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