JNNP:幼稚B细胞和水通道蛋白-4抗体是视神经脊髓炎发病的特征,来自干细胞移植的证据

2022-07-18 网络 网络

视神经脊髓炎谱系障碍(NMOSDs)由针对水通道蛋白-4(AQP4)胞外区的抗体介导。这些抗体是NMOSD诊断标准的关键。然而,在疾病开始期间产生AQP4抗体的免疫学机制尚不完全清楚,主要是因为这是一

视神经脊髓炎谱系障碍(NMOSDs)由针对水通道蛋白-4(AQP4)胞外区的抗体介导。这些抗体是NMOSD诊断标准的关键。然而,在疾病开始期间产生AQP4抗体的免疫学机制尚不完全清楚,主要是因为这是一个无症状期。迄今为止,已知AQP4抗体和症状性NMOSD在重症肌无力(通常是胸腺切除术后)或骨髓移植后数年内发生。NMOSD的免疫发病机制通常需要多年才能成熟。

免疫反应成熟的持续时间和性质可以深入了解负责AQP4抗体产生的细胞过程,特别是长寿命浆细胞与生发中心反应的潜在相关性。因此,基本的免疫发病机制可能为合理选择靶向免疫疗法提供信息。 描述了一名移植后出现NMOSD的患者,并用一系列生物样本捕捉到急性临床血清学疾病转化的关键时期。本文揭示的结果为NMOSD的免疫发病机制提供了一些独特的见解。本文发表在《神经病学,神经外科学和精神病学杂志》上()。

收集临床和放射学数据,以及一系列血液样本(细胞和血清)。检查AQP4抗体。用编码全长AQP4的cDNA转染HEK293T细胞,活的时候用患者IgG或IgM标记。在检测AQP4 IgM之前,用蛋白G珠将IgG完全耗尽。所有阳性结果均滴定至终点稀释液。从液氮存档的全血中,用质谱仪对包括B细胞在内的几个群体进行免疫表型分析。原始B细胞被定义为CD19+CD20+CD27−IgD。

一名患有STAT3功能获得性突变的男孩(1至2岁)接受了匹配的无关供体外周血干细胞移植,以治疗严重的难治性多系统自身免疫性疾病,包括新生儿巨细胞肝炎和完全性脂肪营养不良。移植后早期病程不显著,第49天出现发热和呼吸窘迫,未发现感染原因。水肿、皮疹和腹泻导致移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的诊断,经上消化道活检证实,并用甲基强的松龙治疗(2) mg/kg)。随后,在第76天,他出现严重呕吐,最初被认为是继发于进行性GVHD。但是,他瞳孔反应缓慢,左侧乏力,意识水平下降,呼吸暂停。MRI显示T2高信号病变主要影响脑桥、髓质、最后区和颈髓 ,视神经保留。血清AQP4 IgG检测总免疫球蛋白水平正常。他被诊断为NMOSD,并接受了30%的积极治疗 mg/kg甲基强的松龙、血浆置换和阿来单抗(0.2 mg/kg×5剂量)。第93天,他出现血压不稳定,瞳孔固定扩大。重复MRI显示脑干病变扩展加上新的双丘脑受累 。神经系统疾病被认为是不可逆的,并在第94天停止呼吸支持。

细胞免疫重建的时间过程:干细胞移植后幼稚B细胞的重新填充、AQP4抗体的产生和影像学变化 

血清AQP4抗体(1:80终点稀释度)在第67天重新出现,到第76天水平上升到1:160。没有其他样本显示AQP4 IgM或AQP4 IgG。流式细胞术分析显示,在这些血清学发现之前,在第25天至38天期间,幼稚B淋巴细胞数量显著增加,占所有白细胞的比例从0.8%上升到72% 。7第83天的基因分型(使用PowerPlex 16 HS系统对供体和受体DNA进行比较)显示,70%的CD19+细胞来自供体(30%来自受体);然而,没有残留的CD3+T细胞,只有21%的髓样细胞是供体来源的。

产生AQP4抗体之前,幼稚B细胞异常急剧上升约100倍。这一时间过程可能反映了供体抗原缺乏经验的B细胞从骨髓中退出(70%的B细胞是供体来源的)。大约 一个月后,观察到新发血清AQP4 IgG和IgM,并在时间上与症状性NMOSD的发展一致。同时出现的AQP4 IgG和IgM表明该患者进行了急性免疫,并支持基于生发中心的AQP4抗体生成。这种生发中心活动可能是由重组的幼稚B细胞推动的,在NMOSD患者中,观察到这些细胞既携带AQP4反应性,又显示出紊乱的调节特性。因此,例如,使用抗CD19和/或抗CD20药物预防幼稚B细胞重建可能提供一个重要的治疗靶点,代表NMOSD复发的潜在前兆。 

STAT3是一种由NMOSD相关的 T细胞亚群表达的多向性转录因子,它还驱动T滤泡细胞的分化并抑制T调节细胞的生成。因此,STAT3信号的紊乱,特别是来自受体残余T细胞的信号,可能与NMOSD的发病机制有关。数据支持幼稚B细胞和生发中心在启动NMOSD发病机制中的作用。这一结论对理解疾病发病机制和选择最佳治疗方法具有重要意义。

McNaughton PPayne RMichael S, et al Naïve B cells followed by aquaporin-4 antibodies characterise the onset of neuromyelitis optica: evidence from stem cell transplantation

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    2022-12-09 gj0740
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    2022-07-18 xlysu
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