药物经济学在首次国家医保药品谈判中的应用

2017-09-21 吴久鸿 中国医疗保险

什么是药物经济学?为什么要应用药物经济学?药物经济学在医保药品谈判中能发挥什么作用?其未来发展与走向如何?在2017年8月31日举办的第八期青年药政论坛中,解放军第306医院药学部主任药师、 中国药学会药物经济学专业委员会副主任委员吴久鸿教授分享了她的观点。小保结合第六期青年药政论坛学习的药物经济学知识,对吴老师的报告进行了整理:1.什么是药物经济学?药物经济学(Pharmacoeconomi

什么是药物经济学?为什么要应用药物经济学?药物经济学在医保药品谈判中能发挥什么作用?其未来发展与走向如何?在2017年8月31日举办的第八期青年药政论坛中,解放军第306医院药学部主任药师、 中国药学会药物经济学专业委员会副主任委员吴久鸿教授分享了她的观点。小保结合第六期青年药政论坛学习的药物经济学知识,对吴老师的报告进行了整理:

1.什么是药物经济学?

药物经济学(Pharmacoeconomics)是为应对医药卫生资源配置而发展起来的一门新兴交叉学科。从宏观上讲,药物经济学是应用经济学等相关学科的知识,研究医药领域有关药物资源利用的经济问题和经济规律,研究如何提高药物资源的配置和利用效率,从而以有限的药物资源实现健康状况最大限度改善和提高的科学。从微观上讲,药物经济学是应用经济学、流行病学、决策学、生物统计学等多学科研究方法,识别、测量和比较不同药物、治疗方案及卫生服务项目的成本和产出,有效提高药物资源的配置和利用效率,在有限资源条件下最大限度满足药品可获得性与利用的评价方法。药物经济学是促进临床合理用药的重要方法,亦被称为药品评价中除安全、有效、质量之外的 “第四道关卡”。药物经济学为医药卫生领域的科学决策提供思路与方法。

药物经济学是经济学在医药卫生领域的应用,是社会科学与自然科学的交叉融合,其研究范围涵盖了微观至宏观,既涉及疾病治疗方案选择和药物应用,也关乎健康发展走向和医药卫生政策的制定。药物经济学作为一门新兴的边缘学科,已被政府相关部门、医疗机构、制药企业和科研院校所关注。它在未来中国医疗卫生服务改善与健康产业发展中必将扮演越来越重要的角色。

2.为什么要应用药物经济学?

从全球的医药卫生资源配置来看,2014年全球医药卫生支出总额占GDP的平均比例为9.9%,发达国家大多占GDP的8%-13%,发展中国家多在GDP的8%以下。美国医药卫生总支出占GDP的比重一直全球最高,2015年为17.4%,总额约3.2万亿美元。然而,对于高额的医药卫生费用支出是否带来了更长的预期寿命和最好的健康产出。美国健康与人类服务部部长 Kathleen Sebelius曾在美国有线电视台(CNN)的节目《国情咨文》(2009年)中提到:“我想大多数人都认为美国的制度很糟糕。我们的花费比任何一个国家都多,而我们的健康结果似乎只有发展中国家的水平”。美国南加州大学药学院前院长Joel W. Hay教授也曾在2014年北京召开的ISPOR亚太年会上报告说:“美国约1/3的医疗支出是无效浪费的甚至是伤害的”。

2014年,中国卫生总支出占国内GDP的比例为5.6%,低于发达国家水平和国际平均水平,但中国医药卫生总费用的GDP占比已超过除日韩和中国台湾以外的其它亚洲国家,且增长速度逐年提高,2016年中国医药卫生总费用已超过4.5万亿元人民币,占国民生产总值GDP的比重超过了6.2%。

近年来随着医保筹资支付比例的大幅提升,在医药卫生支出用于医院的费用中,医保的占比逐年上升。数据显示,近几年公立医院终端医药费用基本占据药品市场的70%,而医保筹资大约占到医院收入的60%。因此选择哪些药品进入医保目录,哪些药品更具有临床应用价值和更高的性价比,已不再只是医院和患者关注的事,而是医保基金不得不面对的问题与风险。在医保基金筹资增速放缓而支出增长持续扩大的当下,如何科学的规划医保基金支出的方向与领域,提高基金的使用效率并降低风险,达到“花尽可能少的钱、办尽可能多的事”已成为医保基金使用未来必须追求的目标,也是医保管理部门决策者们必须思考与面对的问题。

对此,《中共中央国务院关于深化医药卫生体制改革的意见》(中发〔2009〕6号)提出:“积极探索建立医疗保险经办机构与医疗机构、药品供应商的谈判机制,发挥医疗保障对医疗服务和药品费用的制约作用”。2017年国家医保药品目录修订中开展对44种创新药物或贵重药品的国家谈判就是一个全新的开始,亦可以说是个划时代的开端与改变。对于准备纳入国家医保药品目录中使用的高价药品不再是政府强制降价,抑或是企业完全自主的定价,而是国家医保管理部门与企业平等谈判来寻求一个使更多患者获益、医保基金安全、企业发展可持续的有效方案。未来,医保谈判或可成为中国医疗服务管理中的重要手段与方法,为医保基金的有效管理与使用发挥重要作用。在此过程中,如何衡量药品的价格与价值,需要有科学的判断方法及决策依据,药物经济学无疑将扮演重要角色。

3.药物经济学在首次国家医保药品谈判中的应用

人社部社保中心在本次国家药品谈判工作中,充分发挥了专家的力量和作用。组织两组专家分别进行独立平行的评估,提出评估意见。药物经济学评估组主要是通过运用循证医学和药物经济学的相关证据,评估谈判药品的临床应用价值,也包括评估评价相应药物的国际市场价格和参比药品价格,评估过去几年中相关药品的使用情况及增长趋势,判断相关药品进入医保支付后可能带来的医疗获益和产生的费用增长及预算影响。

在本次药品谈判工作中,人社部社保中心在企业确定谈判意向后,向企业发放了《关于报送药品谈判相关材料函》和企业报送材料清单。实际上,应该说这是国家医保经办部门给谈判企业和药品评价机构开具的一份公开考卷,由药品谈判企业根据自己过往的循证医学研究证据和药物经济学评价结果提供相关的药物经济性报告,由谈判评审专家组进行评估与评价。在谈判企业提交的相应报告中,可以清晰的看出其谈判药品在过去数年临床应用中有无可靠的研究数据积累,有无实际的评价研究及有价值的结论报告。现实中企业提交的药物经济学研究资料与报告差强人意,报告水平参差不齐。

有的企业提交的产品药物经济学评价报告内容丰富、翔实、完整、有说服力,这些材料可以为社保管理中心在药品谈判中确定合理的谈判价格提供有价值的科学依据。但也有些企业提交的报告与预期相差甚远。有的仅仅提交了一两页纸的简报;有的仅提供了国际或国内发表的一篇论文;有的仅仅提供自己的产品具有经济性的结论,但没有提供药物经济学研究的数据支持与支撑;有的提供了与疗效和药理研究有关的内容,而无法证明其与药物经济性相关或临床具有成本效果效益的优势。由此可见,之前药品没有开展过药物经济学研究与评价,也没有相应可靠的数据支持与支撑的企业,期望在短时间内完成一部有说服力的药物经济学评价报告是不可能也不现实的。所以这样或那样问题的研究报告,很难为社保中心官员和药物经济学评审专家所采信与采纳。

通过这些企业上交的研究报告,也看到了当前中国药物经济学研究的不足与问题,归纳起来主要表现在以下几个方面:

一是缺乏官方出版或强制执行的药物经济学评价指南,目前《中国药物经济学评价指南2011版》是专家建议指南,虽然是中国最权威的指南但不具法律效力,目前国内开展的相关PE评价也并非是依据该指南进行的评价。

二是缺乏相关的落地政策,比如在中国谁有资格开展药物经济学评价?谁可以对研究报告的质量进行评估和把关?企业该如何提交这些评价证据?是否需要制定一部药物经济学报告提交指南等问题。

三是要考虑对药物经济学评价报告的评审标准应该是什么,政府或行业学会是否需要给出评审标准的指南框架。

四是是否需要进一步明确开展药物经济学评价的数据类型与具体要求,需注重强调临床、流行病、生命质量等基础性研究和对预算影响的分析与评价。

最后是数据的可及性、数据的质量问题 。没有真实可靠的研究数据,评价结果的客观性便无从谈起,数据质量是药品经济学评价的基础。

必须提及的是,药物经济学的发展并非一蹴而就,在早期澳大利亚开始进行药物经济学评价申报时,企业提交的申报材料也有66%不合格。因此,怎样提升药物经济学研究水平,怎样规范数据源,怎样提高研究数据质量,怎样把药物经济学评价结果做的更客观、公正、科学、准确,怎样把客观的评价结果应用到药品谈判以及其它政府决策中,是业界、学界、政府及医疗机构共同需要面对和思考的重要问题。

4.迎接机遇与挑战的措施建议

为了促进药物经济学更好更快地发展,使其能为临床合理用药服务,为政府政策决策服务,可以从以下几个方面着手改进与提高:

第一,在国内医药院校或医药专业设立卫生经济学或药物经济学课程,加强对临床医师和药师等相关工作人员的药物经济学培训,提高知识储备并在其各自岗位上自觉应用价值医学理念;

第二,加强药物经济学理论与方法学研究,为科学、公开、公正、准确的药物经济学评价奠定基础,提升中国卫生技术评估和药物经济学评价的质量,使其研究结果更标准、科学、可信;

第三,加强大数据和信息平台建设,规范药品编码、病种编码及检验(检查)数据的共享及全国联网,使药物经济学研究与临床实践无缝链接,不断提升药物经济学研究的实际应用价值;

第四,创建类似英国NICE这样的国家机构,成立以病患为中心的国家卫生技术评估中心,指导、规范、提升和促进国内卫生技术评估和药物经济学评价的开展及研究质量的提高。

总而言之,本次药品谈判中,人社部社保中心为药物经济学应用提供了宝贵的实践平台,是药物经济学从政策指导走向政策实践的开端,并为其在卫生与医保决策中进一步发挥作用奠定了有益基础。药物经济学研究与评价虽然起步晚,但未来一定前途光明,在各方的共同努力下,药物经济学在未来中国的新药研发、药品定价、医保支付和临床合理用药方面一定会发挥越来越重大的作用。提高中国广大患者的用药可及性,保障国家医保基金的不穿底,促进企业的创新与可持续发展是全社会共同的期盼和努力的方向。

如果需要药物经济学相关服务,可以与梅斯医学联系,梅斯医学是专业的医学服务提供机构

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    2018-04-24 zexyw01
  4. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLGSUSR8zwnWWLT4FMl5XH8S58HuZslVkLsAPbXDXaliagK7TOxQfmngKibG1yrDonepCLDkcxGk8hS/0, createdBy=b8282062892, createdName=changjiu, createdTime=Fri Sep 22 06:09:33 CST 2017, time=2017-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-09-22 lyh994

    又一个新的交叉学科

    0

  6. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLGSUSR8zwnWWLT4FMl5XH8S58HuZslVkLsAPbXDXaliagK7TOxQfmngKibG1yrDonepCLDkcxGk8hS/0, createdBy=b8282062892, createdName=changjiu, createdTime=Fri Sep 22 06:09:33 CST 2017, time=2017-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-09-22 smartxiuxiu

    支持发展

    0

  7. 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  8. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLGSUSR8zwnWWLT4FMl5XH8S58HuZslVkLsAPbXDXaliagK7TOxQfmngKibG1yrDonepCLDkcxGk8hS/0, createdBy=b8282062892, createdName=changjiu, createdTime=Fri Sep 22 06:09:33 CST 2017, time=2017-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-09-22 明月清辉

    谢谢分享.学习了

    0

  9. 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createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6Nx0VGA4QMDzOP8oAgnV4h51EjSfehJ9QxyiaSmw8PB56BhY8KXFSxHCibXrzcy4abrzSibXQPxJ9kzrLcJyhhB8a/0, createdBy=1d3b1672603, createdName=明月清辉, createdTime=Fri Sep 22 07:02:42 CST 2017, time=2017-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=246481, encodeId=b96324648173, content=这样也可以?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Fri Sep 22 06:32:23 CST 2017, time=2017-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=246462, encodeId=96802464620e, content=学习了.谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLGSUSR8zwnWWLT4FMl5XH8S58HuZslVkLsAPbXDXaliagK7TOxQfmngKibG1yrDonepCLDkcxGk8hS/0, createdBy=b8282062892, createdName=changjiu, createdTime=Fri Sep 22 06:09:33 CST 2017, time=2017-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-09-22 飛歌

    这样也可以?

    0

  10. 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topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3zSn0GqHrsfLGSUSR8zwnWWLT4FMl5XH8S58HuZslVkLsAPbXDXaliagK7TOxQfmngKibG1yrDonepCLDkcxGk8hS/0, createdBy=b8282062892, createdName=changjiu, createdTime=Fri Sep 22 06:09:33 CST 2017, time=2017-09-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-09-22 changjiu

    学习了.谢谢

    0

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